Background: Chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) is a persistent middle ear disease with high risk of irreversible complications in absence of timely management. It is a massive health problem in India having the highest prevalence rate (>4%) requiring urgent attention. Aims and Objectives: The aim of the study was to find out risk factors, microbiological profile, with their susceptibility pattern, and of ear discharge in CSOM patients to provide guidelines for the empirical treatment. Materials and Methods: Ear discharge samples from 135 clinically diagnosed CSOM patients were collected and processed. Microbial isolates were identified and drug susceptibility testing was conducted using Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Results: Pseudomonas species (59/135, 43.70%) was the predominant isolate followed by Staphylococcus species (37/135, 27.40%) while Aspergillus species (10/12, 83.33%) was the predominant fungus isolated. No anaerobic bacteria were isolated on culture. Gram-negative bacilli were most susceptible to Meropenem (100%) and Amikacin (100%) while Pseudomonas species was to Imipenem (98.35%). Gram-positive cocci showed 100% susceptibility to Vancomycin, Linezolid, and Doxycycline. Conclusion: A continuous and periodic evaluation of microbiological pattern of CSOM and antimicrobial sensitivity of isolates is necessary for forming the basis of empirical treatment which shall aid in decreasing the potential risk of complications. Further, accurate and timely identification, knowledge of the pathogens, and judicious use of antibiotics are the need of the hour.

Aim: The aim of the study is mainly to evaluate the association of obesity, liver enzymes, lipid profile and glycemic status with Non -alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD). Methods: This cross-sectional observational study Results: This study shows that characteristics of studied population (n = 400) as control, The study population was categorized into three age groups viz. 18-35 yrs, 36-60 yrs and >60 yrs. Out of the 400 subjects studied more than 50% belonged to the age group 36-60 years, 27.5% to the age group18-35 years and the remainder to the group above 60 years. The genders wise distribution of study group is presented 53% of the subjects were females and 47% subjects were males. 59.5% of the subjects were obese according to the WHOs classification of BMI for Asians. 18.5% were overweight and the remaining 22% were normal. 25% of the subjects were diabetics and 20 % were hypertensives. The association between the prevalence of NAFLD and the age categories mentioned previously, gender, BMI & comorbidities was tested using Chi-Square test. There was a significant association with age, BMI, DM and HTN with a P-value of 0.003, 0.0.000, 0.000 and 0.000 respectively. No significant association was found with gender. The results of Chi-square tests performed to find out the association between NAFLD & serum levels of liver enzymes. There was no significant association between NAFLD and liver enzymes. The results of the Chi-square tests performed to find out the association between NAFLD & serum lipid levels. A significant association was found between the prevalence of NAFLD and total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL-C and VLDL-C. No significant association was observed between NAFLD and HDL-C. The association between NAFLD and the glycemic status was tested. There was a significant association between plasma fasting glucose level and NAFLD. The percentage of subjects diagnosed with NAFLD in each of the various stages according to their Fibroscan results. Among the 75 NAFLD patients, 80 % of patients were in fatty liver stage, 17,3% had had progressed to NASH and 2.7% progressed to the fibrosis stage. None of the patients were found to have liver cirrhosis. There was a significant association between the HBA1c and the progression of NAFLD with a P-value of 0.001. A significant association was found to exist between the various stages of NAFLD and the plasma fasting glucose level. The P-value was 0.025. The results are summarized in different tables. Conclusion: The Prevalence of NAFLD in the study population was 18.8%.The prevalence of NAFLD was higher among males. Age, BMI and co-morbidities like diabetes and hypertension were significantly associated with NAFLD. A significant association between NAFLD and total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL-C, VLDL-C & fasting glucose was observed. There was a significant association between disease progression and glucose intolerance.

Aim:  To assess the risk factors for renal dysfunction in a heterogeneous population. To determine the age and sex wise distribution of eGFR and Urinary spot Protein- Creatinine ratio (UPCR) in a heterogeneous population. To estimate the lipid profile and thyroid profile and assess their role as risk factor in renal dysfunction. Introduction:  Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD), is a major health problem in India. As per the Kidney Diseases Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) 2012, CKD is defined1 as abnormalities of kidney structure or function present for more than three months. Thyroid hormones were also found to influence GFR, tubular secretion and absorption.16,17One study has shown that normal to high levels of Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) and normal to low levels of free triiodothyronine (FT3) were associated with increased risk of CKD in euthyroid subjects.18 It is also said that high level of serum free thyroxine (FT4) was associated with increased risk of CKD rather than TSH and FT3.There was also associated rapid decline in eGFR.19Many studies have found that hypothyroidism is associated with dyslipidemia and renal dysfunction.