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AbstractUsing a low rate of pheromone release and a large trapping surface, male and female southern pine beetles, Dendroctonus frontalis, responded to the pheromone frontalin in nearly equal numbers, resulting in a sex ratio approximating that of a natural attack. The results indicate that the low proportion of females caught on frontalin-baited traps in earlier studies might be due largely to the testing procedures employed and a tendency of male beetles to orient closer to the source of pheromone than female beetles. Distance orientation and the selection of a landing site in this species appear to be two separate behavioral events governed by different stimuli but interrelated in that frontalin, which directs distance orientation at low concentrations, also releases landing behavior or lowers the threshold for response to stimuli directing landing at higher concentrations. Therefore, it can be expected that the trap size, the rate of pheromone release, and the average threshold within the population for response to landing stimuli would all affect the sex ratio of beetles caught by a frontalin-baited trap.
