Thermochemical and kinetics properties of the hydrogen abstraction from the hydrazine molecule (N2H4) by an oxygen atom were computed using high-level ab initio methods and the M06-2X DFT functional with aug-cc-pVXZ (X = T, Q) and maug-cc-pVTZ basis sets, respectively. The properties along the reaction path were obtained using the dual-level methodology to build the minimum energy path with the potential energy surface obtained with the M06-2X method and thermochemical properties corrected with the CCSD(T)/CBS//M06-2X/maug-cc-pVTZ results. The thermal rate constants were calculated in the framework of variational transition-state theory. Wells on both sides of the reaction (reactants and products) were found and considered in the chemical kinetics calculations. Additionally, the product yields were investigated by means of a study of the triplet and singlet surfaces of the N2H4 + O → N2H2 + H2O reaction.
The abstraction and addition reactions of H with trans-N(2)H(2) are studied by high-level ab initio methods and density functional theory. Rate constants were calculated for these two reactions by multistructural variational transition state theory with multidimensional tunneling and including torsional anharmonicity by the multistructural torsion method. Rate constants of the abstraction reaction show large variational effects, that is, the variational transition state yields a smaller rate constant than the conventional transition state; this results from the fact that the variational transition state has a higher zero-point vibrational energy than the conventional transition state. The addition reaction has a classical barrier height that is about 1 kcal∕mol lower than that of the abstraction reaction, but the addition rates are lower than the abstraction rates due to vibrational adiabaticity. The calculated branching ratio of abstraction to addition is 3.5 at 200 K and decreases to 1.2 at 1000 K and 1.06 at 1500 K.
Recebido em 8/8/12; aceito em 7/1/13; publicado na web em 21/3/13 SYNTHESIS OF MODIFIED POLYURETHANES BASED ON CASTOR OIL EMPLOYED IN ENERGETIC MATERIALS. The aim of this work was to synthesize a polyurethane polymer matrix using castor oil as a polymer chain modifier, whose characteristics can be adjusted for use as a binder in the manufacture of energetic materials such as propellant and pyrotechnics for aerospace use. We attempted the partial substitution of hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene (HTPB), a pre-polymer commonly used as a starting polyol in obtaining energetic matrix composites. Thermoanalytical techniques were employed to characterize the material based on castor oil and the unmodified HTPB. The results showed similar behaviors, confirming the possibility of their use as polymer matrix composites through the proposed adaptations.Keywords: hidroxyl terminated polybutadiene; castor oil; energetic materials. INTRODUÇÃOUm grão propelente sólido empregado em motores-foguete deve apresentar características balísticas adequadas e comportamento mecânico pré-definido em projeto, o que impõe o emprego de matérias--primas e processos de fabricação específicos para a formulação do combustível em função do projeto do motor.As formulações de propelentes e combustíveis sólidos do tipo compósito caracterizam-se como elastômeros altamente carregados, aglomerados por um binder polimérico. 1 O binder, ou matriz elastomérica, é a fase contínua que aglomera as partículas sólidas de metal combustível e oxidante. Além disso, fornece as propriedades mecâ-nicas adequadas para que o grão resultante seja capaz de resistir às solicitações mecânicas e térmicas durante as fases de vôo, transporte, manuseio e combustão. É importante o binder apresentar afinidade com as partes constituintes do motor-foguete, tais como proteção térmica e os componentes metálicos. 2 Para a obtenção do binder, utiliza-se o poliol, que é uma resina de alta massa molar. Atualmente, o principal poliol (ou pré--polímero) de partida usado na obtenção da matriz polimérica de combustíveis e propelentes sólidos de motores-foguete e artefatos militares 2 é o polibutadieno líquido hidroxilado (PBLH), cuja fórmula estrutural é (CH 2 -CH=CH-CH 2 -CH 2 ) n (OH) 2 . Esse poliol possui a característica de suportar altos carregamentos de materiais particulados sem alterar significativamente suas propriedades mecânicas originais. Além disso, o elastômero nele baseado apresenta T g igual a -55 ºC, 3,4 compatível com as condições de operação às quais o grão pode vir a encontrar durante a trajetória do vôo de motores propulsores.No Brasil, resinas do tipo PBLH eram produzidas pela Petroflex S/A sob as marcas Liquiflex, Liquiflex H e Liquiflex P. O tipo utilizado para aplicações em propelentes e combustíveis sólidos era o Liquiflex H, devido ao seu maior teor de hidroxila, o que possibilita o aumento de ligações cruzadas por exigir uma maior quantidade de diisocianato. Porém, a produção de PBLH no Brasil foi descontinuada, tornando necessária a síntese de um poliol alte...
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