The recent availability of the honey-bee Apis mellifera genome and trascriptome of both the female castes, has stimulated new efforts in investigating the protein composition of royal jelly (RJ), its role in caste differentiation and its quality and typicality by a proteomic approach. This study is aimed both to separate and identify proteins of royal jelly and to detect some of them in honey-bee pollen-bread by using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, mass spectrometry and by de novo sequencing. All the identified proteins belonged to the Apis mellifera genome. Apalbumin 1 was also confirmed to be present in honey-bee pollen-bread where the presence of apalbumin 2 was also found. In addition several fragments of apalbumin 1 and apalbumin 3 were also found in RJ. These could be the result of protease activity other than that of serine-protease. This study is a contribution to the description of royal jelly proteome.
Background: Topical retinoid and antibacterial agents are commonly used as first-line treatments in mild/moderate acne vulgaris (AV). Adherence to retinoid treatment could be limited by the low local tolerability. Literature data show that up to 15% of patients prematurely stop the treatment with retinoids because of skin irritation. A medical device in gel formulation containing tretinoin (0.02%), glycolic acid (4%) and clindamycin (0.8%) is available. So far, no real-life, prospective data regarding efficacy and tolerability of this gel are available. We performed a prospective, multicenter, pragmatic 12-week, assessor-blinded trial. Primary outcomes were the changes of Total acne lesions (TL) count. Secondary outcomes were the evolution of Global Acne Grading System score (GAGS) e and Noninflammatory (NI-L) and Inflammatory (I-L) lesions count. An additional secondary outcome was also to evaluate the local tolerability of the gel. Materials and methods: In a real-life multicenter trial, 159 subjects with mild/moderate AV of the face were enrolled after their informed consent in a 12-week trial. Subjects were instructed to apply the gel once daily at evening.
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