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This article reviews the current state-of-theart for algae use in aquaculture, plus recent developments in algal biomass as a micro-or bulk ingredient in formulated animal feeds (terrestrial livestock and aquaculture species). Microalgae provide an important direct or indirect feed source for early developmental stages of many farmed finfish, shellfish and invertebrate species. Hatcheries typically cultivate microalgae in-house, with commercial concentrates now also being used widely. Different strains of micro-and macroalgae vary in their efficacy within formulated animal feeds, although there is sufficient evidence of good nutritional properties to promote algal biomass as a source of micronutrients or as a bulk feedstuff. High costs of algal biomass compared to commodity feedstuffs currently confine their commercial use to niche animal feed applications; greater availability/lower price, via biofuels and biorefinery would enable more widespread use in future.

Theoretical literature on institutions emphasizes the importance of logics -shared rationalizations -in determining many aspects of organizations. In this literature, universities are often discussed as an example of an institution with a particularly strong and cohesive logic, one rooted in notions of academic excellence and the pursuit of universal knowledge.However, more recent literature has argued that multiple institutional logics often compete and conflict with one another in a single organization. In this paper, we use the notion of competing logics to examine how academics in the United Kingdom understand the university as an institution. We perform a factor analysis on questionnaires completed by academics to identify overarching rationalizations of universities. Our analysis suggests three competing logics -autonomy, utilitarianism and managerialism -characterize universities as institutions. We show these multiple logics introduce conflict and paradox into the model of the university, and discuss the practical and theoretical implications.

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