Currently, animal protein consumption in Indonesia is still low. The consumption of animal protein is one of the keys to improving public health. This study aims to analyze the consumption of animal protein shown by consumption of meat, chicken, fish and milk commodities in households in Indonesia. Fifth Indonesia Family Life Survey (IFLS) data applied by model of Almost Ideal Demand System (AIDS). The results found that the own-price elasticity has a negative sign in accordance with the law of demand. Cross-price elasticity values vary from one another. Expenditure elasticity has positive sign indicates that all commodities are normal goods. ========================== Saat ini konsumsi protein hewani di Indonesia masih relatif rendah. Padahal konsumsi protein hewani menjadi salah satu kunci untuk meningkatkan kesehatan masyarakat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis konsumsi protein hewani yang ditunjukkan oleh konsumsi komoditas daging, daging ayam, ikan-ikanan, dan susu pada rumah tangga Indonesia. Penelitian ini menggunakan data Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS) 5 yang diaplikasikan dengan model Almost Ideal Demand System (AIDS). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa koefisien elastisitas harga sendiri memiliki tanda negatif sesuai dengan hukum permintaan. Nilai elastisitas harga silang bervariasi satu sama lain. Elastisitas pengeluaran bertanda positif menunjukkan bahwa seluruh komoditas merupakan barang normal.

The purpose of this study is to analyze whether education has a role in energy use in society using the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis during the period 1972-2016 in Indonesia. The paper applied the Autoregressive Distrubuted Lag (ARDL) Bound Test approach to identify co-integration relationships among variables in the model. The results confirmed the evidence that education initially increased CO2 emmisions and at some point education reduced co2 in the short run but not in the long run. In addition, i also found conclusive evidence to support the Inverted U-shaped EKC hypothesis of the relationship between GDP per capita and environmental degradation. The stability test has conducted in estimated model and the result indicated that estimated model is stable over time.

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A large number of households in Indonesia, especially those in rural areas, still depend on the agricultural sector. In order to meet their food needs, including protein-sourced food, rural households both produced and purchased their food consumption. This study aimed to analyze whether the consumption of certain self-produced protein-based food, namely, beans, tofu and tempeh, meat, poultry, fish, and milk, contributes to the food security of rural households in Indonesia. Using data from the fourth- and fifth-wave Indonesian Family Life Surveys in 2007 and 2014, the study applied the Quadratic Almost Ideal Demand System (QUAIDS) model to examine the determinants of protein-based food demand. The results reveal that rural households consume more plant-sourced protein than animal-sourced protein. It is also shown that the socio-demographic characteristic of the household such as household structure, the education and age of the household head affect differently on type of protein-based food consumption. These results suggest that self-produced food can be seen as a strategy for rural households to meet their protein-based food consumption. Self-produced food households also tend to be more food secure than the counterpart households.