Designing concrete based on aggregate packing and optimized gradations can result in 25 % less cement content to reach a targeted compressive strength and less water-reducing admixture to obtain a required consistency. In this research, two studies were conducted: (1) an experimental analysis to determine the effects of aggregate packing on concrete strength and consistency; and (2) an investigation of the relationship between the traditional dry-rodded and the vibrated aggregate packing. Excellent correlation was found between 240 packing results, which can be applied to the modified mixture design method presented. Also, 40 slump and 120 compressive strength standard tests were performed to evaluate the effects of reducing cement content by 7.5, 15, 20, and 25 % to slump and compressive strength of concrete mixtures. The compressive strength of the optimized mixture demonstrated less susceptibility to variations due to cement content reductions when compared to nonoptimized mixtures. The Modified Coarse Factor Chart can be used to design an optimized concrete mixture efficiently in conjunction with aggregate gradation and packing, cement content, and concrete consistency.
ResumoO objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar o potencial técnico de duas resinas sem formaldeído para a produção de compensados laminados para ambiente interno e externo não abrigado. Para tanto, as resinas foram comparadas com as tradicionalmente utilizadas pelo setor. O plano experimental foi composto por 05 tratamentos, sendo: com resina fenol sem formaldeído (T1) e com formaldeído (T2), com resina melamina uréia com formaldeído (T3) e sem formaldeído (T4), e com resina uréia formaldeído (T5). Foram produzidos painéis compensados laminados de Pinus taeda com 07 lâminas de 2,7 mm de espessura, com composição do adesivo e parâmetros de processo conforme recomendado pelos fabricantes das resinas. Observou-se que para ambiente externo não abrigado, a resina melamínica uréia sem formaldeído demonstrou potencial de utilização; já a resina fenólica sem formaldeído (em pó) apresentou resultados pouco expressivos, principalmente na avaliação da qualidade da colagem. Para ambiente interno, a resina melamínica uréia sem formaldeído se apresentou como potencial em termos de propriedades tecnológicas para substituição da uréia formaldeído. Palavras-chave: Painéis de madeira industrializada; resinas sem formaldeído; propriedades tecnológicas. AbstractProduction of plywood with phenolic and melamine resin without formaldehyde. The objective of this research was to evaluate the technical potential of two adhesives without formaldehyde for the production of plywood for internal and external not sheltered environment. Therefore, the resins were compared with those traditionally used by the industry. The experimental plan consisted of 05 treatments: phenol resin without formaldehyde (T1) and with formaldehyde (T2), melamine urea with (T3) and without formaldehyde (T4), and urea formaldehyde resin (T5). Plywood laminate panels of Pinus taeda were produced with 07 veneers of 2.7 mm thickness, with the adhesive composition and process parameters as recommended by the resin manufacturers. It was observed that external environment not sheltered, the urea melamine resin without formaldehyde has shown potential for use; since the phenolic resin without formaldehyde (powder) showed poor results, especially in the bonding quality. For indoors, the resin melamine urea formaldehyde-free introduced himself as a potential in terms of technological properties for replacement of urea formaldehyde. Keywords: Wood panels; resins without formaldehyde; technological properties. INTRODUÇÃOO compensado é um painel feito de lâminas de madeira coladas entre si, com as fibras de cada lâmina orientadas perpendicularmente em relação à adjacente. Utiliza-se um número ímpar de lâminas, sendo mais comuns, painéis compostos por 3, 5, 7 ou 9 camadas (TSOUMIS, 1991). Fatores como, espécie de madeira, resina, teor de umidade, quantidade de lenho tardio nas lâminas, pressão e temperatura, utilizados na fabricação dos painéis influenciam diretamente nas propriedades dos painéis (KOLLMANN et al., 1975).O início da produção industrial desses painéis no mundo se deu...
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