RESUMO:O objetivo do presente trabalho foi investigar aspectos etnoecológicos e etnobotânicos da carnaúba (Copernicia prunifera (Miller) H. E. Moore, Arecaceae) em uma comunidade extrativista do município de Ipanguaçu, estado do Rio Grande do Norte. Foram entrevistados moradores considerados informantes-chaves, utilizando a técnica da indução não específica, turnê guiada e observação direta para confirmar as informações obtidas. Segundo a maioria dos moradores do Assentamento Pedro Ezequiel de Araújo, o carnaubal da região é uma formação vegetal natural. Na investigação etnoecológica, 73% dos informantes relataram a ocorrência de "um tipo diferente de carnaúba", conhecida como "carnaúba branca", fenotipicamente distinta da "carnaúba comum" por apresentar estipe claro, frutos menores e ausência de espinhos no pecíolo, além de ser rara no local de estudo. Grande parte dos informantes observam os processos fenológicos da carnaúba, sendo condizentes ao afirmar que a espécie possui dispersão quiropterocórica. Na etnobotânica, o pó cerífero foi citado por todos como o produto mais importante extraído da carnaúba e a folha a parte mais usada, seguida dos frutos, caule e raiz. Foram relatadas ainda as divisões de trabalho na extração do pó da carnaúba. Os resultados desta pesquisa irão contribuir para difundir os conhecimentos etnobotânicos e etnoecológicos da carnaúba, subsidiando estratégias de manejo e conservação das populações naturais. ETHNOECOLOGY AND ETHNOBOTANY OF THE PALM CARNAUBA WAX IN BRAZILIAN SEMI-ARIDABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to investigate aspects of ethnoecological and ethnobotanical of carnauba wax (Copernicia prunifera (Miller) H. E. Moore, Arecaceae) in an extractive community of municipality of Ipanguaçu, Rio Grande do Norte state. We interviewed key informants, using the technique of inducing nonspecific, guided tour and direct observation to confirm the data. According to most residents of Pedro Ezequiel Araújo community, the area of carnauba wax in the region is natural. In the research ethnoecological, 73% of informants reported the occurrence of "a different kind of carnauba", known as "white carnauba" phenotypically distinct from the "common carnauba wax" by presenting clear stipe, smaller fruits and absence of spines on the petiole, and is rare at the study site. Much of the informants observed phenological phases of carnauba wax, being consistent in stating that the species has fruits dispersed by bats. In ethnobotany, powder wax was cited by all as the most important product extracted from leaves of carnauba and the most used, followed by fruit, stem and root. Were still reported the division of work in the extraction of powder wax from the carnauba. The results of this research will contribute to knowledge of ethnobotanical and ethnoecological carnauba, supporting strategies for management and conservation of natural populations.

This study tested the ecological apparency hypothesis in the community of Barroquinha, in the municipality of Lagoa, Paraíba State, Brazil. We used the Use Value (UV) by testing the information obtained through three types of calculations: UV general , UV current , and UV potential . The botanical sampling was conducted in two areas of the community (Preserved -A1; Degraded -A2), and interviews were carried out with 66 people, who signed a Free and Transparent Consent form, required by the Research Ethics Committee. The Spearman's correlation test was performed to relate phytosociological data to ethnobotanical data. We used the Pearson Correlation to test the correlation between genders and the Use Values (UVs). Fifteen useful species were recorded in A1 and 16 species in A2. Positive correlations were found in both areas between species and the phytosociological data: in A1 between UV current with basal area and dominance (p < 0.05) and in A2 between UV general and UV current with all parameters (p < 0.05). Only the forage category showed a positive correlation in A1 between UV potential and density and frequency (p < 0.05). In A2, the fuel category was correlated with UV current and basal area and dominance (p < 0.05). There was positive correlation between UV general /UV current , UV general /UV potential , UV current /UV potential (p < 0.0001). Men and women considered the same species as the most important (p < 0.0001). According to the results of this study, we can conclude that ecological apparency best explains the relationship between use and availability of species used for timber.

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi selecionar primers ISSR para serem utilizados em futuras análises de diversidade genética em populações naturais de P. reticulata. Amostras foliares de cinco indivíduos da espécie foram coletadas para extração e purificação de DNA. O DNA obtido das amostras foi submetido a ensaios de PCR utilizando 28 primers, seguida de eletroforese em gel de agarose para análise dos fragmentos amplificados. Foram selecionados 10 primers por possuírem número considerado de locos e boa definição dos fragmentos. Os primers selecionados geraram ao todo 121 fragmentos amplificados, sendo 54 polimórficos. Os marcadores moleculares ISSR utilizados nesse estudo permitiram revelar o polimorfismo em Vinhático, indicando que a utilização de 10 primers (44,62% de polimorfismo) são suficientes para quantificar em estudos futuros a diversidade genética existente em indivíduos de P. reticulata.

RESUMOO objetivo desse estudo foi selecionar primers ISSR (Inter Simple Sequence Repeat) para estudos da estrutura genética, assim como quantificar a variabilidade genética de uma população natural da C. prunifera. (UBC 841). O número ótimo de locos para se estimar confiavelmente a diversidade genética para esse trabalho foi de 76 locos. Foi encontrada alta diversidade genética, com o número de alelos observados (na = 2,00), alelos efetivos (ne = 1,46), índice de diversidade de Nei (He = 0,28) e índice de Shannon (Ho = 0,44). O valor da coancestria se manteve dentro do intervalo de confiança (P > 0,05), indicando ausência de estrutura genética espacial. Os marcadores ISSR se mostraram eficientes na caracterização genotípica dos indivíduos de carnaúba, servindo como subsídio para planos de manejo e conservação da espécie.Palavras-chave: Arecaceae, carnaúba, nordeste do Brasil, variação genética Genetic diversity of Copernicia prunifera using ISSR molecular markers ABSTRACTThe aim of this study was to select primers ISSR (Inter Simple Sequence Repeat) for studies of the genetic structure, and to quantify the genetic variability in a natural population of C. prunifera. Thirty seven individuals were sampled in the municipality Macaíba, Rio Grande do Norte, Northeast Brazil. Seventeen ISSR primers were tested, of which 12 amplified DNA and of these, seven were selected to characterize the structure and genetic diversity of the population. The primers that had the highest percentage of polymorphic loci were UBC 841 (16.36%), UBC 842 (15.45%), UBC 857 (12.73%), UBC 859 (10.90%), UBC 840 (10.90%), UBC 813 (10%) and UBC 827 (8.18%), totaling 93 of the 110 loci generated. The polymorphic information content (PIC) of each selected primer ranged from 0.057 (UBC 859) and 0.444 (UBC 841). The optimal number of loci to reliably estimate the genetic diversity for this work was 76 loci, ie, when the correlation reached 0.998 and the stress was less than 0.05. High genetic diversity was found, with the number of observed alleles (na = 2.00), effective alleles (ne = 1.46), Nei's diversity index (He = 0.28) and Shannon index (Ho = 0.44). The value of the coancestry remained within the confidence interval (P > 0.05), indicating no spatial genetic structure, regardless of the distance between plants. ISSR markers were efficient in genetic characterization of individuals' carnauba serving with allowance for management and conservation of the species.

ABSTRACT. The objective of this study was to assess the spatial genetic structure (SGS) at different life stages (cohorts) in a remnant population (N = 101) of Copernicia prunifera in the semiarid region of northeastern Brazil. Using seven inter-simple sequence repeat molecular markers, we were able to analyze 93 loci with 100% polymorphism. Seedlings had the highest level of genetic diversity (H E = 0.411, H O = 0.599), followed by juveniles (H E = 0.394, H O = 0.579) and adults (H E = 0.267, H O = 0.427). Based on analysis of molecular variance, the majority of genetic variations were observed to occur within the life stages (93.42%) rather than between the life stages (6.58%). We found a recent reduction in the population size (bottleneck) based on the number of loci with heterozygosity excess for the two models used (infinite allele = 92 and stepwise = 91). All the life stages showed significant SGS, with positive and significant kinship values. Sp values were 0.040 for seedlings, 0.093 for juveniles, 0.156 for adults, and 0.053 for the total population. We found an increase in SGS from the seedling to adult stages, indicating that the plants were from related adult progenitors. Data from this study can be used in designing effective management and conservation strategies for the species.