Subterranean ecosystems are among the most widespread environments on Earth, yet we still have poor knowledge of their biodiversity. To raise awareness of subterranean ecosystems, the essential services they provide, and their unique conservation challenges, 2021 and 2022 were designated International Years of Caves and Karst. As these ecosystems have traditionally been overlooked in global conservation agendas and multilateral agreements, a quantitative assessment of solution-based approaches to safeguard subterranean biota and associated habitats is timely. This assessment allows researchers and practitioners to understand the progress made and research needs in subterranean ecology and management. We conducted a systematic review of peer-reviewed and grey literature focused on subterranean ecosystems globally (terrestrial, freshwater, and saltwater systems), to quantify the available evidence-base for the effectiveness of conservation interventions. We selected 708 publications from the years 1964 to 2021 that discussed, recommended, or implemented 1,954 conservation interventions in subterranean ecosystems. We noted a steep increase in the number of studies from the 2000s while, surprisingly, the proportion of studies quantifying the impact of conservation interventions has steadily and significantly decreased in recent years. The effectiveness of 31% of conservation interventions has been tested statistically. We further highlight that 64% of the reported research occurred in the Palearctic and Nearctic biogeographic regions. Assessments of the effectiveness of conservation interventions were heavily biased towards indirect measures (monitoring and risk assessment), a limited sample of organisms (mostly arthropods and bats), and more accessible systems (terrestrial caves). Our results indicate that most conservation science in the field of subterranean biology does not apply a rigorous quantitative approach, resulting in sparse evidence for the effectiveness of interventions. This raises the important question of how to make conservation efforts more feasible to implement, cost-effective, and long-lasting. Although there is no single remedy, we propose a suite of potential solutions to focus our efforts better towards increasing statistical testing and stress the importance of standardising study reporting to facilitate metaanalytical exercises. We also provide a database summarising the available literature, which will help to build quantitative knowledge about interventions likely to yield the greatest impacts depending upon the subterranean species and habitats of interest. We view this as a starting point to shift away from the widespread tendency of recommending conservation interventions based on anecdotal and expert-based information rather than scientific evidence, without quantitatively testing their effectiveness.

Macroinvertebrate community and limnological caracteristics of Lagoa Carioca and Lagoa da Barra, State Park of Rio Doce, Minas Gerais, BrazilThe aquatic macroinvertebrate community, often used to assess water quality, was investigated in two lentic systems from among the lakes in the Middle Rio Doce, which showed different conservation status. The Lagoa da Barra and Lagoa Carioca were sampled at their margins and in the limnetic zone, collecting water for physical and chemical characterization, and sediment to obtain the benthic organisms. The Lagoa da Barra, which suffers strong impacts due to human actions, showed less oxygen concentration, higher conductivity, and its biological community showed less richness (14 taxa versus 33 in Lagoa Carioca). The analysis of fish trophic guilds suggests that the predation pressure on the macroinvertebrate community is higher in Lagoa da Barra as well. The Lagoa Carioca, besides having higher richness, showed a more well-structured community in terms of functional feeding groups, reflecting its better state of conservation, because it is inside the limits of the State Park of Rio Doce.Key words: aquatic macroinvertebrates, conservation, lentic system. RESUMOA comunidade de macroinvertebrados aquáticos, freqüentemente utilizada na avaliação da qualidade de água, foi investigada em dois sistemas lênticos do Médio Rio Doce, que se apresentam sob diferentes status de conservação. As lagoas da Barra e Carioca foram amostradas em suas margens e na região limnética, retirando-se água para caracterização física e química e sedimento para coleta de organismos bentônicos. A lagoa da Barra, que vem sofrendo sucessivos impactos pela ação antrópica, mostrou teores mais baixos de oxigênio dissolvido, elevada condutividade elétrica e sua comunidade bentônica, menor riqueza (14 taxa, contra 33 presentes na lagoa Carioca). A análise das guildas tróficas da ictiofauna sugere que a pressão de predação sobre a comunidade de macroinvertebrados é também maior na lagoa da Barra. A lagoa Carioca, além de apresentar maior riqueza de taxa, mostrou uma comunidade melhor estruturada em termos de grupos funcionais de alimentação, refletindo seu melhor estado de conservação, por estar dentro dos limites do Parque Estadual do Rio Doce.Palavras-chave: macroinvertebrados aquáticos, conservação, sistemas lênticos.

Comparou-se a composição, a riqueza e a diversidade da fauna de artrópodes em serrapilheira de uma mata secundária heterogênea e de uma monocultura adjacente de Eucalyptus sp. no Parque Estadual do Rio Doce, MG. Analisou-se, também, a existência ou não de relação entre a riqueza e a diversidade de espécies com a distância do aceiro que separava os dois sistemas e a eficiência dos métodos de observação visual e triagem por funis de Berlese-Tullgren. A comunidade de artrópodes na serrapilheira da mata mostrou maior riqueza de taxa (149 morfo-espécies), maior diversidade (H'=1,80) e baixa similaridade com a área de eucaliptal, cuja riqueza foi de 46 morfoespécies e a diversidade correspondeu a H'=1,46. Não se observou relação entre a riqueza e a diversidade de artrópodes em serrapilheira com o aumento da distância do aceiro. Os métodos de coleta diferiram a nível de sucesso de captura das diferentes ordens de insetos. Os funis de Berlese-Tullgren e a coleta por observação visual capturaram mais espécies na mata heterogênea (97 espécies) do que na área de eucaliptal (22 espécies). Os funis de Berlese-Tullgren coletaram principalmente organismos de tamanho pequeno como ácaros e tisanópteros. A comunidade de serrapilheira na mata mostrou-se mais estruturada do que a presente na área de monocultura de Eucalyptus sp.

Neocarus proteus sp. n., is described from caves and the surrounding epigean environment of ferruginous outcrops (Cangas) in Minas Gerais, Brazil. In addition, some notes about development in this species are presented. Neocarus proteus is the only species in the genus that has smooth or barbed genital setae and that carries coronidia on the basitarsi, tibiae and genua of legs II–III. Females carry additional setae with rounded tips on the subcapitulum, and are, on average, larger than males. This distinct sexual dimorphism appears in the tritonymphal instar and is maintained in the adults.

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