Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae (E. rhusiopathiae) septicemia was demonstrated in a captive Laughing kookaburra ( Dacelo novaeguineae). The bird died after a 2-week period of weakness and weight loss. At necropsy, the bird was emaciated and had reddened and wet lungs. Microscopic lesions were limited to hepatic and pulmonary congestion with focal thrombosis. Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae was isolated by routine bacterial culture from several organs. Further characterization of the isolate by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis indicated that the isolate has a new genotype pattern 3A(III), which is 91.7% homologous to an E. rhusiopathiae that was isolated from a pig in 2001 and 88% homologous to an isolate recovered in 2000 from a turkey with septicemia. This is the first report of E. rhusiopathiae–induced septicemia in a kookaburra.

Endo CPM-sealer showed greater permeability to E. faecalis and EndoRez showed increased intratubular penetration.

Mechanical preparation of the apical third is a major challenge in root canal treatment due to the complex anatomy of this region. The presence of biofilm in the apical foramen may be related to endodontic failures; therefore, its removal becomes indispensable. Due to anatomical variety and the presence of biofilm, foramen instrumentation may be related to the success of root canal treatment. Thus, the aim of this literature review was to determine whether the enlargement of the apical third contributes to reducing microorganisms, assisting in endodontic repair. It can be concluded that the enlarging the apical third as well as cleaning the foramen, aided by chemical solutions, contribute to the reduction of microorganisms in this region, thereby favoring the success of endodontic therapy.Keywords: Root canal preparation. Endodontics. Biofilm.