The use of clays as resource of supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) for a new generation of low-carbon cements and concretes is currently the subject of intense research efforts. To this purpose, a large number of clay resources have been explored, characterized and evaluated. This paper introduces the basic knowledge and concepts on clay occurrence and clay mineralogy, before presenting up-to-date knowledge on properties and occurrence of clay resources suitable for use as SCMs. Occurrence, distribution and chemical and mineralogical selection criteria are discussed for kaolinitic clays, which often show superior reactivity and performance. 2:1 clay mineral resources have received somewhat less attention as SCMs resources, however recent developments indicate significant potential for calcined impure common clays, and are reviewed. An overview of ubiquitous clay mineral-bearing waste materials also identifies important opportunities for alternative clay sourcing in mining or extraction residues, and dredged or excavated sediments.
RESUMEN En el presente trabajo se evaluaron residuos de rocas pizarras del depósito Tchihingue en Angola como posible fuente de materiales cementicios suplementarios, enfocado en la reactividad puzolánica y la composición mineralógica de los residuos de pizarra amarilla y pizarra parda. La caracterización química y mineralógica de residuos de pizarras sin calcinar y calcinados, se realizó por Espectrometría de Absorción Atómica (EAA) y difracción de rayos X (DRX), respectivamente. Ambos residuos de pizarras están compuestas por cuarzo y moscovita, y en la pizarra amarilla se identifica caolinita y en la pizarra parda hematita como fases secundarias. La reactividad puzolánica mediante solubilidad de sílice y alúmina en álcali y el índice de actividad de resistencia con cemento Portland, mostró que la pizarra amarilla calcinada presenta la mayor reactividad, lo cual está relacionado con la presencia de caolinita en la muestra, por ser la fase más activa entre los minerales arcillosos. Los residuos de pizarras evaluados cumplen con los requerimientos químicos y físicos-mecánicos, de acuerdo con la norma ASTM C 618, por lo que se considera que ambos residuos calcinados presentan perspectivas para ser empleados como materiales cementicios suplementarios.
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