The Experience of Cuba TRC on the Survey of Kaolinitic Clay Deposits as Source of SCMs—Main Outcomes and Learned Lessons

Díaz, Adrián Alujas; Reyes, Roger S. Almenares; Carratalá, Florencio Arcial; García, Luis Alberto Pérez; Rodríguez, Carlos Alberto Leyva; Hernández, José Fernando Martirena

doi:10.1007/978-981-15-2806-4_1

Cited by 4 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 13 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…In the raw clay sample the Al 2 O 3 /SiO 2 = 0.53 and the LOI ≥ 7%. For samples with kaolinite contents higher than 40%, the lower limit values for those ratios are 0.3 and 0.1 respectively[34]. Therefore, kaolinite content values as determined by TGA are in good agreement with chemical composition.…”

supporting

confidence: 58%

Color control in industrial clay calcination

Hernández

Almenares-Reyes²,

Zunino

et al. 2020

RILEM Tech Lett

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The combined use of calcined clays and limestone in the ternary system LC3 enables up to 50% of clinker substitution without affecting the performance. Low grade calcined clays are rich in iron. If calcined in an oxygen rich atmosphere, they turn to red. Cement producers avoid selling cement with a color different to the traditional. This paper proposes a method to modify color during calcination by controlling the atmosphere during the cooling. At calcination, the high temperature favors the formation of magnetite even at oxidizing conditions. However, during the cooling phase, magnetite can convert back to hematite if oxygen is available and the calcined material will have a reddish color. The procedure to control color consists of injecting liquid fuel at the carcass of the kiln while the calcined material exits, so that it combusts and exhausts the oxygen available during the cooling process. The procedure was successfully implemented at a pilot kiln in India. Controlling the calcination atmosphere enabled the production of a black calcined clay, instead of a red material. The reactivity and properties of both red and black clay are very similar, and no side effects have impacted properties of LC3 cements produced with the treated clay.

show abstract

supporting

confidence: 58%

Color control in industrial clay calcination

Hernández

Almenares-Reyes²,

Zunino

et al. 2020

RILEM Tech Lett

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Kaolin is also frequently used as a commercial term to describe a low-iron claystone comprised mostly of kaolinite or related clay minerals, characterized by being white or nearly white, even when calcined, and its commercial value being determined by its whiteness and particle size [24]. This industrialoriented classification of kaolin reflects its traditional application and includes high-grade kaolin, used in the paper industry and manufacture of glass fibers; bauxitic kaolin, with relatively high contents of alumina and low content of alkalis and iron oxides, mainly used for refractories; sandy kaolin, with variable contents of quartz and feldspars, used for obtaining pigments and additives; and kaolin with high contents of plastic clays, used by the ceramics industry [15].…”

Section: Kaolin and Kaolinitic Claysmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Their abundance and wide global distribution, low activation temperature and large thermal activation window in comparison to other clay minerals are advantageous factors for their processing at industrial scale [6,24,26,27]. Moreover, calcination products of clay minerals from the kaolinite group are an excellent source of reactive alumina, unmatched by any other currently available SCMs.…”

Section: Kaolin and Kaolinitic Claysmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Among the minerals of the kaolinite group one may find nacrite and dickite in addition to kaolinite in this setting. Relatively high contents of sulfides or aluminum sulfates such as alunite are potentially present [24,25,32,33]. Occurrence of iron oxides or hydroxides depends on the iron content on the parent rock.…”

Section: Occurrence Of Kaolinitic Claysmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The absence of selection criteria for evaluation of kaolinitic clay deposits as source of SCMs is a major limitation for their identification and industrial exploitation. Although there are currently no specified kaolinitic clay characteristics for use as a source of SCMs, a minimum content of clay minerals from the kaolinite group of 40 wt.% has been proposed by several authors [24,28,29], including the authors of this paper. This threshold criterion corresponds to the content of reactive material needed to obtain a mechanical performance at seven days comparable to PC by a 30 % substitution of PC by calcined kaolinitic clay, or by a 50 % substitution of clinker by a calcined kaolinitic clay-limestone blend in a limestone-calcined clay cement (LC 3 ) [6,28,29].…”

Section: Kaolinitic Clays As a Source Of Scmsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Properties and occurrence of clay resources for use as supplementary cementitious materials: a paper of RILEM TC 282-CCL

Díaz

Reyes²,

Hanein

et al. 2022

Mater Struct

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The use of clays as resource of supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) for a new generation of low-carbon cements and concretes is currently the subject of intense research efforts. To this purpose, a large number of clay resources have been explored, characterized and evaluated. This paper introduces the basic knowledge and concepts on clay occurrence and clay mineralogy, before presenting up-to-date knowledge on properties and occurrence of clay resources suitable for use as SCMs. Occurrence, distribution and chemical and mineralogical selection criteria are discussed for kaolinitic clays, which often show superior reactivity and performance. 2:1 clay mineral resources have received somewhat less attention as SCMs resources, however recent developments indicate significant potential for calcined impure common clays, and are reviewed. An overview of ubiquitous clay mineral-bearing waste materials also identifies important opportunities for alternative clay sourcing in mining or extraction residues, and dredged or excavated sediments.

show abstract

Early-age reactivity of calcined kaolinitic clays in LC³ cements: a multitechnique investigation including pair distribution function analysis

Bernal

Aranda

Santacruz

et al. 2022

Journal of Sustainable Cement-Based Materials

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Limestone Calcined Clay Cements, LC 3 , allows CO2 emissions savings up to 40%. The resulting binders have competitive mechanical performances after a week. However, the reactivity of LC 3 at early ages is slow and should be improved. Here, we use a multi-technique approach to help in the understanding of early age reactivities which were measured by calorimetry, Frattini assay, and mechanical strengths. The disorder in the kaolinites was quantified by powder diffraction. Some footprints of the local disorder in the resulting metakaolin have been investigated by synchrotron pair distribution function (sPDF). It is concluded that Al-O interatomic correlation position and intensity in the sPDF of the calcined kaolinitic clays could be an additional good descriptor to follow early age reactivity. The results were complemented by 27 Al MAS-NMR studies. The rate of the pozzolanic reaction at early ages is governed by the particle size, surface area and local disorder of metakaolin.

show abstract

The Experience of Cuba TRC on the Survey of Kaolinitic Clay Deposits as Source of SCMs—Main Outcomes and Learned Lessons

Cited by 4 publications

References 13 publications

Color control in industrial clay calcination

Color control in industrial clay calcination

Properties and occurrence of clay resources for use as supplementary cementitious materials: a paper of RILEM TC 282-CCL

Early-age reactivity of calcined kaolinitic clays in LC³ cements: a multitechnique investigation including pair distribution function analysis

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

The Experience of Cuba TRC on the Survey of Kaolinitic Clay Deposits as Source of SCMs—Main Outcomes and Learned Lessons

Cited by 4 publications

References 13 publications

Color control in industrial clay calcination

Color control in industrial clay calcination

Properties and occurrence of clay resources for use as supplementary cementitious materials: a paper of RILEM TC 282-CCL

Early-age reactivity of calcined kaolinitic clays in LC3 cements: a multitechnique investigation including pair distribution function analysis

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Early-age reactivity of calcined kaolinitic clays in LC³ cements: a multitechnique investigation including pair distribution function analysis