To evaluate the effects of probiotic on patient’s respiratory tract infection (RTI), a systematic review was conducted on randomized controlled trials (RCTs). PubMed, Google Scholar, Embase, Scopus, Clinicaltrials.gov, and International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP) databases were systematically searched for the following keywords from January 2010 to January 2020: including respiratory tract infection, probiotics, viral infection, COVID-19, and clinical trial. A total of 27 clinical trials conducted on 9,433 patients with RTI and 10 ongoing clinical studies of probiotics intervention in COVID-19 were reviewed. In this systematic review, were attempted to study the potency of probiotics for the hindrance and/or treatment of RTI diseases extensively, which may be practical to conflict the new coronavirus (COVID-19). Overall, probiotics could significantly increase the plasma levels of cytokines, the effect of influenzae vaccine, and quality of life as well as reducing the titre of viruses and the incidence and duration of respiratory infections. These antiviral and immune-modulating activities and their ability to stimulate interferon production recommended that to use probiotics as adjunctive therapy to prevent COVID-19. The rapid spread of the virus has affected the entire world socially and economically. Given this extensive research on RCTs, were expected probiotics to be a rational complementary treatment for RTI disease and a viable option for faster recovery.

This study was aimed to evaluate the effect of probiotics consumption on gestational diabetes (GD) and its complications in pregnant mother and newborn. The study was registered on PROSPERO (CRD42021243409) and all the enrolled articles were collected from four databases (Medline, Scopus, Embase, and Google Scholar) as randomized controlled trials (RCTs) from 2010 to 2020. A total of 4865 study participants from 28 selected studies were included in this review. The present meta‐analysis showed that the consumption of probiotics supplementation has the potential to decrease GD‐predisposing metabolic parameters such as blood glucose level, lipid profile, inflammation, and oxidative markers which may reduce GD occurrence among pregnant women.

Background. Bacterial vaginosis (BV), caused by an imbalance in the vaginal microbiota, can be treated and prevented by probiotics. Pregnant women with BV can experience premature labor and spontaneous abortions. Probiotics and prebiotics promote the proliferation of beneficial microorganisms, alter the composition of the vaginal microbiota, and prevent intravaginal infections in postmenopausal women. In addition to reducing infection symptoms, pre/probiotics can also help prevent vaginal infections. Materials and Methods. A systematic review was conducted on studies from 2010 to 2020 to determine the efficacy of pre/probiotics on the treatment of BV in pregnant and nonpregnant women. The databases Medline, Scopus, Embase, and Google Scholar were systematically searched using the following keywords: “bacterial vaginosis,” “probiotics,” “prebiotics,” and “synbiotics.” Results. A total of 1,871 articles were found in the initial search, and 24 clinical trials were considered eligible. In studies comparing the effects of pre/probiotics and placebos with or without antibiotic therapy in patients with BV, significant differences in clinical outcomes were observed. Probiotics reduced the levels of IL-1β and IL-6, as well as the overall Nugent score and Amsel’s criteria for restitution of a balanced vaginal microbiota. In addition, probiotics can reduce the vaginal colonization of Group B streptococci among pregnant women. In subjects treated with probiotics, BV cure rates were higher than those in subjects treated with antibiotics. There were no additional adverse events. Conclusion. Pre/probiotic regimens, when used for BV treatment, are usually safe and can exhibit long-term and short-term benefits. In order to prove the benefits of pre/probiotics in BV treatment, additional high-quality research is required.

Prediabetes consists of the intermediary stage between normal glucose regulation and overt diabetes mellitus and develops when blood glucose levels are higher than normal but not high enough to confirm a type 2 diabetes mellitus diagnosis (T2DM). Recent evidence suggests that probiotics could be promising approaches to improve this state. In this study, we performed a systematic review to compile the results of clinical trials investigating the effects of pro-/pre-/synbiotics on prediabetes subjects from 2010 to 2020. The article search was carried out in Medline, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, The Cochrane Library, Clinical trials.gov, ProQuest, Open Grey, and Google Scholar. Search filters were developed using 2 parameters: “prestate diabetes” and “probiotics.” Of the 418 studies that were screened, 15 original articles reached the inclusion criteria. Pooling data from these trials showed positive and significant effects of probiotics in the reduction of hyperglycemia, insulin concentration levels, lipid profile, and BMI (Body mass index). Administration of probiotics may provide beneficial and healthful effects in the clinical management of patients with prediabetes and metabolic syndrome. Different probiotics compositions have shown beneficial and noticeable effects on glucose homeostasis, lipid profiles, BMI, and inflammatory markers in subjects with prediabetes, metabolic syndrome, and healthy individuals and could be advantageous in recomposing the gut microbiota back into the normal state during the prediabetic state.

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