The goals of this research were to identify the allomorph of morpheme {buN-}, describe its affixation process, and determine the function of the allomorphs. The qualitative method was applied to gather the data from an informant who was done by recording technique on the field research. The informant was a Bidayuh-Somu language native speaker. The collected data included the derivational words derived from free morpheme that was root, base, and bound morpheme. The free and bound morpheme were then sorted into nominal and verbal class, as well as described qualitatively. Affixation as one of the morphological processes to derive complex derivational word in Bidayuh-Somu Language involved free and bound morpheme. Morpheme {buN-} was chosen as an example to describe the process of affixation in deriving complex derivational word of the language. It is found that the morpheme {buN-} is a prefix and verbal, affixed to the verb, and noun and adjective. Therefore, it functions both as class-maintaining and class-changing. Moreover, it is identified that the morpheme {buN-} has five allomorphs, namely /bu-/ with its alternant /bur-/ and /b-/, and /bum-/, /bun-/, /buN-/ and /bu-/. The morpheme {buN-} is affixed to free morpheme which is initiated with all consonant and vowel phonemes. The morpheme {buN-}also bears meanings

The Orang Asli, who are considered minorities in Malaysia, is divided into three groups – the Negrito, Senoi and Proto-Malays. Each group has its language used during oral communication. The Duano language is one of the indigenous languages under the Proto-Malay group. The language is classified under the Austronesian family of languages, similar to the Malay language. The Duano language is the language of the indigenous people who dwell in the state of Johor. Based on the scale presented by EGIDS in “Ethnologue” (2021), the Duano language is at risk of becoming moribund. Researchers also found that deep comparative studies of the phonological systems to be limited. Hence, this paper aims to examine the process of phonological changes in the Duano language by comparing it with the Standard Malay Language (BMS). This study utilises the upstream fieldwork approach, supported by conducting interviews, observations, recordings and note-taking. The structural theory was applied during analysis, whereby the Duano and BMS cognates were transcribed phonemically and classified under specific sub-systems. They were then analysed using a qualitative comparative perspective to examine the phonological differences that had occurred. Results showed that the Duano language had undergone phonological changes, such as phoneme alignment, glottalisation, monophthongisation and delineation. In conclusion, the phonological changes indicated an independent evolutionary process for both languages in a particular environment, eventually forming a distinct phonological innovation.

ABSTRAK Kajian ini telah mengenal pasti dimensi dan sub-dimensi dalam proses pengantarabangsaan enterpris kecil dan sederhana (EKS). Sorotan literatur mendapati tiada suatu perspektif pun yang boleh menerangkan proses pengantarabangsaan secara menyeluruh kerana isu ini adalah kompleks dan baharu. Justeru, kajian ini mengintegrasikan lima teori dan perpektif iaitu Model Uppsala, teori Jaringan, teori Born-global, teori Keusahawanan Antarabangsa, dan perspektif Berasaskan Sumber bagi mengenal pasti faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi proses pengantarabangsaan. Metodologi kajian menggunakan Teknik Delphi di mana temu bual dengan 32 orang pakar bidangan dijalankan bagi memperoleh pandangan yang konsensus mengenai proses pengantarabangsaan EKS di Malaysia. Kajian ini mendapati lima dimensi utama iaitu faktor penggerak, faktor dalaman dan luaran, faktor jaringan, mod kemasukan dan pasaran, dan halangan dan cabaran yang bertindak sebagai pemangkin bagi EKS menembusi pasaran antarabangsa. Penemuan kajian telah memperkasakan teori/model berkaitan dengan proses pengantarabangsaan, selain membantu dalam menggubal polisi negara, meningkatkan pengetahuan bagi pemilik/pengurus EKS, dan juga menjadi perintis untuk kajian-kajian dalam isu EKS.