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Starting from the Industrial Revolution, continuous technical progress in Modern Architecture introduced new dimensions to the traditional methods of construction. Thus, Modern Architecture had a tremendous effect in introducing new approaches to the aesthetic understanding of the built environment. In addition, there are a lot of criticism on the philosophy of Modern Architecture and the idea of Machine Age Architecture led to the lack of sense of place and cultural detachment. This study aimed to assess the existing gap in literature by using a qualitative assessment of literature on Modern Architecture and stylistic classification of architectural movements in the Modern era. Overall, the study concludes that ignoring cultural values and its semiological references in architectural design are the most important aesthetic factor that led to the failure of Modern Architecture.

Considering three-dimensional process of sustainability (physical-economical and social), the aim of conservation for making historic urban environment sustainable should be matched with these dimensions. Therefore, earlier conservation policies have progressed from a simple and restrictive concern with preservation to an increased concern for revitalization and enhancement. This means a physical revitalization may be short-lived and un-sustained. Within the process of revitalization, historic environments become the main locations of gentrification induced by urban revitalization which may involve social cost. Accordingly, this paper develops theoretical concepts on "sustainability in historic urban environment" with a particular emphasis on social issue in terms of gentrification. Also with the result derived from theoretical parts concludes that social changes through gentrification contribute to sustain the historic environments.

The recent discussion regarding contemporary urban regeneration has underlined its increasing role to revive cities. In the mid-19th century, the process of urban regeneration commenced through upgrading the already built areas, particularly where there is evidence of urban deterioration. This study by using qualitative grounded theory, hypothesized that attaining an effective urban regeneration involves an increasing quality of life and vitality. The study revealed that a successful urban regeneration involves social, environmental and economic aspects which have been neglected in several cases of urban regeneration policies. Moreover, contemporary urban regeneration can rectify the mistakes of past policies and improve the quality of urban spaces to where people want to live. In doing so, the study concludes that to have a successful urban regeneration policy, different dimensions of urban design need to be considered. Furthermore, the current study examines the ways in which urban regeneration is changing the cities and neighborhoods.

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