The article presents micromorphological descriptions of soil profiles of key areas of the research territory. The results of micromorphological analysis and synthesis of selected soil samples are illustrated. For the first time the process-and-genetic features of urborendzins of beligerative structures were studied through the evaluation of their micromorphological structure. Urborendzins of the beligerative landscape complex of the Kamianets-Podilskyi State Historical Preserve Museum are intrazonal biolithogenic polygenetic soils with complex phylogeny exposed to a long-term anthropogenic influence. It is important to establish their genesis, which is accompanied by a number of obstacles caused by the significant amplitude of the soil profile, morphological features, physical-and-chemical features and the presence of buried horizons in such soils. To solve the problem of age and ontogenesis staging of urborendzins, along with comparative-and-geographical, we use a complex paleopedological method with active application of micromorphological analysis, which allows to establish process-and-genetic features of soils by diagnosing elementary soil processes according to sustainable features at the micro level of solid phase formation. Micromorphological structure evaluation makes it possible to consider soil as a system at the microscopic level and observe the natural flow of soil-forming processes in their interaction and ratio at all morphological levels - from microscopically small volumes of soil mass to soil profile in general. Consequently, micromorphological analysis is a unique one and possesses significant advantages over other methods of physical geography. Urborendzins of the object under study have a complex problematic genesis and the use of micromorphological analysis and micromorphological synthesis is acceptable to solve these problems. The evaluation of the micromorphological structure of these soils was carried out for the first time, their micromorphological features were not previously determined as well as the genesis in general. Our micromorphological analysis allowed us to establish the process-and-diagnostic features of the studied soils and shows that in comparison with the background soil, the deposits of the «Day Tower» are more carbonated. Under the conditions of the washing regime, fragments of limestone deposits provide constant involvement of new weathered carbonated material in soil formation processes, which promotes saturation of soil solutions with calcium cations and, accordingly, formation of more stable microaggregation of soil mass and reduction of mobility of silty particles downwards the profile, fixed through by micromorphological researches in the form of the presence of high-order microaggregates. Comparing the background soil with the sediments of the «Day Tower», it can be stated that the agrorendzin typical, in contrast to urborendzin, leached from carbonates, is characterized by the practical absence of microorshteins, humic substances are mainly in a dispersed state and signs of movement of organo-clay substances downwards the profile can be traced much more clearly. This indicates that the background agrorendzin is formed under conditions of active biogenic and accumulative processes, carbonate leaching and illimerization. Key words: micromorphological analysis, synthesis, soil, beligerative complex.

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The appearance of the soil, i.e. its morphology, is a reflection of its internal features, such as mineral composition and physico-chemical characteristics. External qualities of genetic horizons reproduce the material composition of the soil, and in their professional analysis can give an idea of the nature of the regimes that determine the modern processes of soil genesis. Morphogenetic characteristic properties of soil are formed in the process of soil formation. There is a number of works and publications regarding the morphogenesis of soils of beligerative complexes, but due to certain difficulties in their research, the available factual information is insignificant, insufficiently systematized and generalized. Researchers have difficulty classifying and diagnosing research objects when studying such soils. Discussions on these issues continue to this day. The old castle of the Kamyanets-Podilsky State Historical Museum-Reserve is a long-lasting self-regulated military fortification beligerative landscape complex of the slope type. Located in the canyon part of the valley of the river Smotrych. The total area of the Old Castle is about 4.5 hectares. The initial soil surveys within the Old Castle were conducted in 1932 by Professor VV Akimtsev, as a result of which the morphogenetic properties of the soil formed on the open terrace of the “Denna Tower” were described in detail. The article analyzes the available scientific works and publications on the morphogenesis of modern and buried soils of beligerative complexes. A comparative analysis of different morphogenetic features of urborendzin formed on the “Denna Tower” of the Old Castle in Kamianets-Podilskyi region is carried out. Detailed descriptions of morphogenetic characteristic properties of the studied soil are given. Much attention is paid to differences in morphological descriptions. The dynamics of changes in morphogenetic parameters is established. The comparison of indexing systems of genetic horizons of the studied soil used by different researchers is given. The classification of the FAO system (WRB, 2006) in combination with the substrate-functional classification of anthropogenic soils O. B. Vovk and the profile-genetic classification of M. M. Stroganova were used. The following scientific methods were used in the process of research of morphological features of beligerative structures soils of the Kamianets-Podilskyi Old Castle: morphological, cartographic, source, problem-chronological, comparative-geographical, and archeological. Key words: beligerative complex; morphogenesis; soil, urborendzin; the “Denna Tower”.