This paper has investigated the nanostructured samples of zinc oxide intended for use as a gas sensor. Experimental samples were obtained by the economical sol-gel method, suitable for large-scale production. The dependence of the efficiency of gas sensors based on zinc oxide on temperature was established. The electrical properties of experimental samples were investigated in the air in the range of values of the initial voltage of 5–30 V and at temperatures of 320, 370, and 450 K. It was established that the current-voltage characteristic for nanosized zinc oxide is non-ohmic, but the nature of the curves can change due to an increase in the operating temperature. The obtained experimental dependences are explained by the peculiarities of the morphology of the obtained nanostructured zinc oxide, which affects the value of the contact resistance in the structure. A large number of nanoscale particles leads to an increase in the number of energy barriers, which negatively affects the sensitivity of experimental samples to the gaseous medium. The study of the sensitivity of samples to the established gaseous medium, namely 100 ppm CO, was carried out. The electrical conductivity of zinc oxide is determined by oxygen vacancies that are electron donors, and, accordingly, the conductivity activation energy is determined by the donor levels formed by vacancies in the ZnO forbidden zone. During heating, there is a decrease in the resistance of the sample with increasing temperature; electrical conductivity is determined by the thermal generation of electrons. Understanding the dependence of the sensor sensitivity on temperature and the use of sensitive ZnO layers of different morphology will make it possible to recognize gaseous components in a complex mixture.
Обґрунтовано вибір пріоритетного показника якості поверхневої води для інтегральної оцінки екологічного стану Дніпровського водосховища. Використано процедуру отримання комбінаторного індексу забруднення води, проаналізовано багаторічну динаміку основних забруднювачів Дніпровського водосховища. Розрахунок значення комбінаторного індексу забрудненості води та відносна оцінка екологічного стану поверхневих вод проводилися у два етапи: спочатку за кожною окремою досліджуваною речовиною і показником екологічного стану поверхневих вод, потім розглядався одночасно весь комплекс забруднюючих речовин та виводилася результуюча оцінка. Це зроблено для мінімізації витрат та зусиль при проведенні моніторингу поверхневих вод у звичайних (неаварійних) умовах. В результаті досліджень встановлено, що якість води нижче за течією має більш високі значення комбінаторного індексу забрудненості води, що обумовлено значним антропогенним впливом на водний об’єкт. Встановлено кореляційний зв’язок між комплексним індексом забруднення води та показником біохімічного спожи-вання кисню. Визначено пріоритетний показник для інтегральної оцінки екологічного стану водного об’єкту – БСК5 через тісний зв'язок з величиною комплексного індексу забрудненості води. Коефіцієнт кореляції між вказаними значеннями складає від 0,92 до 0,96. Зв'язок, що існує між величиною комбінаторного індексу забрудненості води і величиною біохімічного споживання кисню, робить показник біохімічного споживання кисню важливим для інтегральної оцінки забруднення вод різними органічними речовинами. Тому в якості пріоритетного показника для характеристики стану водотоку та проведення оперативного моніторингу, обрано показники кисневої характеристики. Ці дані є корисними та важливими, оскільки дозволять оптимальніше використовувати обмежені ресурси при здійсненні моніторингу поверхневих вод та покращити управління басейном річки.
The article presents an analysis of the qualitative composition of the surface water body, namely the Seim River in Chernihiv and Sumy regions, to determine changes in its ecological status. A statistical and systematic analysis of changes in the ecological state according to the interactive map "Monitoring and environmental assessment of water resources of Ukraine" of the State Agency of Water Resources of Ukraine in the period from January 2012 to December 2020. The content of normative indicators was also analyzed: polyphosphates, ammonium, nitrates and nitrites, phosphates and sulfates. Data on control of water intake from 4 posts within the Seim River were studied. In the future, the results of the study can be used in the development and implementation of a reliable and effective model for forecasting the ecological status of the Seim River.
It was established that the water does not meet the upper limit of the 1st quality class according to DSTU 4808:2007 by all indicators except for chloride ions, SPAR and suspended substances. There is a decrease in the level of BSK5 at the monitoring post in the lower part of the reservoir, which indicates the entry of substances into the watercourse that inhibit biochemical processes. There is also an increasing trend in the content of sulfates, phosphates, nitrogen compounds and HSC in water for control points located within the influence of industrial cities, along the reservoir. The highest values of the entropy index of water quality are characteristic of points p2, p. Adamivka, Chygyryn district (0.59015) and p3, village. Pronozivka Globyn district, (0.63092). These control points are located at a considerable distance from industrial centers, so pollution caused by agricultural production (application of phosphate and nitrogen fertilizers) probably plays a decisive role in the formation of water quality. The smallest value of the index (0.39397) is characteristic of item p1 – c. Sokirne, drinking water intake in the city of Cherkasy. The value of the non-torsion water quality index is in the range from 0.39397 (point p1) to 0.63092 (point p3).
The article considered the ecological index of water quality, which is used for planning water protection activities, developing water protection measures, carrying out ecological and ecological and economic zoning, ecological mapping; water pollution index, which is determined by hydrochemical indicators; modified Horton water quality index models; the Water Quality Index is proposed by the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment; the Said index, which is used to assess the quality of water for general use; water quality index in the river subbasin in a certain year; The Nemerov Pollution Index, which is used to comprehensively assess water, precipitation, or soil quality, and the Oregon Water Quality Index. Advantages and disadvantages of water quality and pollution indices are determined.
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