Ecological and behavioral plasticity allow marmosets, genus Callithrix, to adapt and succeed in urban areas. This research assess proximity and relationships between Wied's marmoset Callithrix kuhlii, domestic animals and residents of Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil. We collected data on the species' urban ecology and biology, since it has been little studied so far. Tools for data gathering included semi‐structured interviews, direct observations and GPS‐mapping. There were sightings within the three major districts of Ilhéus, with 37% of positive questionnaires (n = 359) for marmoset sighting at least weekly. Therefore, marmosets were considered common in this city. Most records and frequent sightings were associated with secondary forest fragments, backyards with fruit trees and mangroves. Marmosets travel among urban fragments using electrical and phone wires and crossing roads. There is a relatively small number of accidents when compared to the number of sightings, with electrocution as the most common. Visitation of marmosets to households, attracted by food provisioning, was considered frequent. People feel pity for the marmosets and lure them to their houses through food, but offered items are not always suitable. Marmoset exploration of uncommon habitats, such as mangroves, might be driven by a lack of larger forest fragments within the city.

The thin-spined porcupine, Chaetomys subspinosus, is an endemic mammal of the Atlantic forest of northeastern Brazil. With its population declining, it has been listed as "vulnerable" in the Brazilian Red List. Its National Action Plan, published in 2011, intended to develop awareness projects about the species in local communities, to implement alternative income projects and protein consumption, and to evaluate hunting pressure. This study investigates rural residents' knowledge of the thin-spined porcupine and its uses within two protected areas. We also examine residents' behaviour and perceptions about wildlife conservation. One hundred twenty-five semi-structured interviews were conducted with rural residents of the Una Wildlife Refuge and the Serra do Conduru State Park. Local knowledge was higher among males with lower levels of formal education who were current or past hunters. Negative behaviour occurs among residents in both protected areas. There is a need for greater control of potential threats such as hunting, use of fire and deforestation, which are inconsistent with the existence of protected areas and conservation of the thin-spined porcupine. Information provided by this study can improve and promote actions within the National Action Plan for the conservation of C. subspinosus.Key words: Human Behaviour; Hunting; Local people; Perception of rural residents; Thin-spined porcupine. ResumoO ouriço-preto, Chaetomys subspinosus, é um mamífero endêmico da Mata Atlântica do nordeste brasileiro. Devido ao declínio populacional da espécie, ele tem sido listado como "vulnerável" pela IUCN. O Plano de Ação Nacional da espécie foi publicado em 2011 e tem como objetivos desenvolver projetos de conscientização sobre a espécie, implementar projetos de renda alternativa e fonte de proteína alimentar e avaliar a pressão da caça. Esse estudo investiga o conhecimento de moradores rurais sobre o ouriço-preto e seus usos em áreas protegidas. O comportamento e percepções dos moradores com relação à conservação da fauna também foram investigados. Foram conduzidas 125 entrevistas semi-estruturadas com moradores rurais do Refúgio de Vida Silvestre de Una e do Parque Estadual Serra do Conduru. O conhecimento local sobre a espécie foi maior em homens com pouca escolaridade e que estavam envolvidos com a atividade de caça. Comportamentos negativos são realizados pelas pessoas em ambas as áreas. É necessário que haja um maior controle sobre as potenciais ameaças a espécie como caça, uso do fogo e desmatamento, pois tais práticas são inconsistentes com a existência das áreas protegidas e com a conservação do ouriço-preto. As informações fornecidas por esse estudo visam melhorar e direcionar as ações do Plano de Ação Nacional para conservação da espécie.

Marmosets of the genus Callithrix are small-bodied platyrrhines, endemic to Brazil. In the last 30 years, there has been a constant interest in studying their biology, ecology and conservation. In this study, we compiled a systematic review to evaluate the trends and advances of marmoset research, from biodiversity and conservation perspectives. We searched for articles published in peer-reviewed journals within the main academic search engines, using the keywords “marmoset” OR “sagui” OR “Callithrix”. We found 68 published articles with a focus on biodiversity and conservation. The number of articles has increased over the years, most of them consisting of research from the Atlantic Forest biome. Callithrix penicillata (26 articles) and C. jacchus (21) were the most studied species. The number of studies was associated with the species’ geographical distribution. From a conservation perspective, the most threatened species showed the narrowest geographical distribution, a lower number of studies and, on average, a smaller protected area size. We concluded that trends and biases in biodiversity and conservation scientific literature of Callithrix are directly and indirectly associated with its geographical distribution. Species with wide geographical distribution are more studied, better known and protected. We highlight that the major effort of studies must be towards marmoset populations from the transition region of the Atlantic Forest-Cerrado and Caatinga biomes, and on threatened species within narrow geographical ranges.

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