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ObjectivesTo evaluate the diagnostic performance of diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) as a single non-invasive method in detecting prostate cancer (PCa) and to deduce its clinical utility.MethodsA systematic literature search was performed to identify relevant original studies. Quality of included studies was assessed by QUADAS-2 (Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies). Data were extracted to calculate sensitivity and specificity as well as running the test of heterogeneity and threshold effect. The summary receiver operating characteristic (SROC) curve was drawn and area under SROC curve (AUC) served as a determination of the diagnostic performance of DWI for the detection of PCa.ResultsA total of 21 studies were included, with 27 subsets of data available for analysis. The pooled sensitivity and specificity with corresponding 95 % confidence interval (CI) were 0.62 (95 % CI 0.61–0.64) and 0.90 (95 % CI 0.89–0.90), respectively. Pooled positive likelihood ratio and negative likelihood ratio were 5.83 (95 % CI 4.61–7.37) and 0.30 (95 % CI 0.23–0.39), respectively. The AUC was 0.8991. Significant heterogeneity was observed. There was no notable publication bias.ConclusionsDWI is an informative MRI modality in detecting PCa and shows moderately high diagnostic accuracy. General clinical application was limited because of the absence of standardized DW-MRI techniques.Key points• DWI provides incremental information for the detection and evaluation of PCa• DWI has moderately high diagnostic accuracy in detecting PCa• Patient condition, imaging protocols and study design positively influence diagnostic performance• General clinical application requires optimization of image acquisition and interpretation

1 Technical Efficacy: Stage 3 J. MAGN. RESON. IMAGING 2017;46:589-594.

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Monoexponential DWI and DKI showed comparable diagnostic accuracies for PCa. DKI is a potentially helpful method for the diagnosis of PCa. Therefore, on the basis of current evidence, we do not recommend including DKI in routine clinical assessment of PCa for the moment.