Figure 3. Inorganic materials for lithium-sulfur batteries: a) Schematic illustration of CNT@TiO 2-x regulation of LiPS redox. Reproduced with permission. [51] Copyright 2019, Wiley-VCH Verlag. b) Layered LiTiO 2 for the protection of Li 2 S cathodes against dissolution. Reproduced with permission. [58] Copyright 2018, Royal Society of Chemistry. c)The roles of the Chevrel-phase Mo 6 S 8 in the hybrid Mo 6 S 8 /S 8 cathode. Reproduced with permission. [61] Copyright 2019, Springer Nature. d) The MoN-C-MoN trilayer architecture enabled high-performance lithium-sulfur. Reproduced with permission. [68] Copyright 2020, John Wiley and Sons Ltd. e) Ti 3 C 2 T x entrapping the polysulfides by forming a sulfate complex protective barrier. Reproduced with permission. [75] Copyright 2018, Wiley-VCH Verlag. f) Cycle life of TiO 2 -Ni 3 S 2 /rGO electrode with 3.92 mg cm À2 sulfur loading. Reproduced with permission. [76] Copyright 2020, Wiley-Blackwell. g) cobalt in nitrogen-doped graphene (Co-N/G) as a single-atom catalyst toward high-performance lithium-sulfur batteries. Reproduced with permission. [79] Copyright 2019, Wiley-Blackwell. h) The natural Vermiculite is used as a sulfur host in lithium-sulfur batteries. Reproduced with permission. [81]

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Concentration of electrolyte has significant effects on performances of rechargeable batteries. Previous studies mainly focused on concentrated electrolytes. So far, only several recipes on low-concentration electrolytes were studied, performing enhanced performance in advanced rechargeable batteries. Here, based on common electrolyte components, a lowconcentration electrolyte composed of 0.2 M lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF 6 ) solvated in fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) and ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC) is employed for high-voltage Li metal battery. The synergistic working mechanisms of introducing fluorinecontaining solvent in the solvated structure and low salt concentration effect are revealed, resulting in LiF-rich, uniform, and robust solid electrolyte interphase layer and fewer unfavorable decomposition products. As a result, this low-concentration electrolyte significantly enhances electrochemical performances of Li j j Li symmetric cells and high-voltage LiCoO 2 j j Li batteries.

Lithium metal anodes (LMAs) are struggling to revive and redeem their talents as ideal candidates for high-energy-density rechargeable batteries. However, an unstable solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer and dendrites formation...

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