Background: H. pylori has been established as the major causative agent of chronic gastritis, and represents the main etiological cause of other gastroduodenal diseases such as peptic ulceration, gastric lymphoma, and gastric cancer. Therefore, screening and treatment of the bacterium is an important strategy for preventing gastric cancer. Objective: To compare some invasive classical histological tests to non-invasive serological antibody and stool antigen tests for the diagnosis of H. pylori infections. Patients and Methods:The study population comprised of 171 patients with symptoms of dyspepsia and other gastritis related symptoms. Three biopsy specimens were taken and collected from the stomach and sent for histopathologic study. H and E staining and modified Giemsa staining were performed on tissue sections of each case. Serology antibody and Stool antigen tests were also used as nan-invasive tests in this study. Results: Four tests had been done to detect the presence of H. pylori Bacteria. The mean age (+ SD) of the studied sample was 43.8 + 14.7 years, ranging from 20 to 74 years. The median was 44 years. The total agreement between the serum Ab test and the stool Ag test was 88.3%. Significant differences were detected between the two tests (p < 0.001). It is evident that the serum Ab test is highly sensitive (sensitivity = 98.4%), but the Predictive value positive (76.3%) was not so high. The Giemsa test was highly specific (specificity = 98.2%), and highly sensitive (sensitivity = 93.5%). Conclusion: The main advantage of histopathology tests is not only restricted to detection purpose, it also can detect any abnormalities of gastric mucosa by bacteria such as peptic ulcer bleeding, atrophic gastritis, intestinal metaplasia, and gastric cancer. The modified Giemsa staining method could be used as a method of choice for the detection of H. pylori due to its sensitivity, simplicity and consistency.

Background: There is a connection among anti-TPO and anti-TG antibodies and levels of thyroid hormone and both alone or in grouping have been utilized to expect perfection of hypo or hyperthyroidism. Objective: Both alone or in grouping have been utilized to expect perfection of hypo or hyperthyroidism. Patients and Methods: This is a cross-sectional study achieved in the laboratories of Rizgary Teaching Hospital and Erbil Teaching Hospital in Erbil, Iraq, within the period of May 2020 to April 2021. The study included 66 patients, both males and females included. These patients had clinical indications and were suspected of having a sort of thyroiditis. Anti-TPO electrochemiluminescence immunoassay analysis has been included by the analysts in conjunction with conventional markers immunoassay of thyroid TSH, T3, and Free T4 trusting that this would help in lessening morbidity and related wellbeing concerns.  Results: There was an increase in the level of anti-TSH antibodies in the hyperthyroidism group (60.6%) which was more than in those with hypothyroidism (36.4%), significant association exist (P≤0.049). Moreover, the level of Anti-TPO Abs was higher among hypothyroidism patients (63.6%) than among hyperthyroidism cases (33.3%), this association was statistically significant (P≤0.014). Conclusion: Demonstrating the clinical importance of this antibody and the benefit of adding anti-TPO, in combination with TSH and FT4. Addition of one test could potentially save expenditure on long-term diseases such as overt thyroid disease and its attended morbidities.

Background: There is a connection among anti-TPO and anti-TG antibodies and levels of thyroid hormone and both alone or in grouping have been utilized to expect perfection of hypo or hyperthyroidism. Objective: Both alone or in grouping have been utilized to expect perfection of hypo or hyperthyroidism. Patients and Methods: This is a cross-sectional study achieved in the laboratories of Rizgary Teaching Hospital and Erbil Teaching Hospital in Erbil, Iraq, within the period of May 2020 to April 2021. The study included 66 patients, both males and females included. These patients had clinical indications and were suspected of having a sort of thyroiditis. Anti-TPO electrochemiluminescence immunoassay analysis has been included by the analysts in conjunction with conventional markers immunoassay of thyroid TSH, T3, and Free T4 trusting that this would help in lessening morbidity and related wellbeing concerns. Results: There was an increase in the level of anti-TSH antibodies in the hyperthyroidism group (60.6%) which was more than in those with hypothyroidism (36.4%), significant association exist (P≤0.049). Moreover, the level of Anti-TPO Abs was higher among hypothyroidism patients (63.6%) than among hyperthyroidism cases (33.3%), this association was statistically significant (P≤0.014). Conclusion: Demonstrating the clinical importance of this antibody and the benefit of adding anti-TPO, in combination with TSH and FT4. Addition of one test could potentially save expenditure on long-term diseases such as overt thyroid disease and its attended morbidities. Keywords:Thyroid autoantibodies, thyroid peroxidase, thyroglobulin, thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor

Background and objectives: Prescription and medication dispensing errors can cause a significant threat to patients’ safety. This study aimed to evaluate the prescription errors and inpatients’ medication dispensing errors in the treatment processes in teaching hospitals in Erbil city. Methods: This is a case study that investigating 3145 inpatient records in Rizgary and Hawler teaching Hospitals. The study was done in the period between April 1st 2017 and November 30th, 2017. Medical, surgical, and neurological patients` records were included. Infants, children and maternal records were excluded from the study. Results: According to the categorizing medication errors Algorithm Index, (67%) of errors considered non harmful including spelling (6%), using drug brand names (6%), absence of doctor signature (16%), absence of pharmacist signature (5%), absence of nurse signature (3%), absence of follow up by doctors (2%), patients education before discharge (5%), drug recording on the drug chart by nurse (8%), drug availability16%. Also, 33% of them recorded as harmful; which involved (drug dosing instruction missing, dose interval (6%), contraindication (7%), drug-drug interactions (5%), non- laboratory monitoring (2%), sensitivity test of drug (4%), alternative drug (1%), adverse effects (2%), and laboratory monitoring (3%). Conclusions: Medication errors of Rizgary Teaching Hospital are common. The contraindication, absence of doctors’ signature, drug unavailability, wrong dose, using brand names, lacks of drug recording on the drug chart by nurse, absence of nurse signature are the main medical errors. There was lack of collaboration between doctor, clinical pharmacist and nurses in the hospital.