Olive (Olea europaea Linn., Fam. Oleaceae) is commonly known as Zaytoon in Mediterranean region. Its fruits and oil are essential components of Mediterranean diets. Olive tree is a prevalent plant species and one of the important cultivated crops of Mediterranean region. Oleuropein is a phenolic constituents of olive, which, along with its related compounds, has been indicated to be majorly responsible for its beneficial effects. Oleuropein is a secoiridoid type of phenolic compound and consists of three structural subunits: hydroxytyrosol, elenolic acid, and a glucose molecule. It is also reported to be the chemotaxonomic marker of olive. The oleuropein is reported to possess a number of biological activities including action against dyslipidemia, antiobesity, antidiabetic, antioxidant, antiatherogenic, antihypertensive, antiinflammatory, and hepatoprotective actions. The scientific evidence supports the role of oleuropein as a potential agent against metabolic syndrome. The present review discusses chemistry of oleuropein along with potential role of oleuropein with reference to pathophysiology of metabolic syndrome.

The oldest remedies identified to mankind are herbal medicines. India is recognized worldwide for its Ayurvedic treatment. India has rich history of using many plants for medicinal purposes. Remedial plants are cooperating extremely dynamic position in customary drugs for the action of a variety of illness. However a key obstacle, which has hindered the promotion in use of alternative medicines in the developed countries, is no evidence of documentation and absence of stringent quality control measures. There is a demand for the evidence of every investigate effort execute on conventional remedies in the appearance of certification. The purpose of current review is to make accessible up-to-date information on, botany, morphology, ecological biodiversity, therapeutic uses, phytochemistry and pharmacological activities on diverse parts of Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn (S. marianum). This review was assembled using technical literature from electronic search engine such as Springer link, Bio Med Central, Pub Med, Scopus, Science Direct, Scielo, Medline and Science domain. Supplementary texts were obtained from books, book chapters, dissertations, websites and other scientific publications. S. marianum a member of the Asteraceae family, is a tall herb with large prickly white veined green leaves and a reddish-purple flower that ends in sharp spines. It is native of the Mediterranean region and which has also spread in East Asia, Europe, Australia and America. Confident chemical constituents were exposed cognate as silybin A, silybin B, isosilybin A, isosilybin B, silychristin, silydianin, apigenin 7-O-β-(2″- O-α-rhamnosyl)galacturonide, kaempferol 3-O-α-rhamnoside-7-O-β-galacturonide, apigenin 7-O-β-glucuronide, apigenin 7-O-β-glucoside, apigenin 7-O-β-galactoside, kaempferol-3-O-α-rhamnoside, kaempferol, taxifolin and quercetin. The plant is exclusively used as anti-diabetic, hepatoprotective, hypocholesterolaemic, anti-hypertensive, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and as an anti-oxidant. Seeds of the plant are also used as an anti-spasmodic, neuroprotective, anti-viral, immunomodulant, cardioprotective, demulcent and anti-haemorrhagic. The plant is also serves as a galactagogue, agent that induces milk secretion and used in the treatment of uterine disorders. The plant is employed in dissimilar conventional schemes of remedy in the cure of different illness.

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Background: Olive oil and fruits are essential components of Mediterranean diets. Olive tree is a prevalent plant species and one of the important cultivated crops of Mediterranean region. The present study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of olive in achieving glucose homeostasis through the inhibition of carbohydrate metabolizing enzymes using in-vitro models and also determine the chemical composition of olive oil by GC/MS. Methods: The chemical composition of olive oil by was determined by GC/MS and its antidiabetic activity was assessed through inhibition α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes in in-vitro models. Results: The olive oil analysis by GC/MS yielded 41 constituents amounting to 98.21% of total oil composition. Oleic acid, 3-(octadecyloxy) propyl ester (19.34%), arachidonic acid (11.25%), oleic acid (6.07%), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (9.50%), pentadecanoic acid (5.53%), palmitic acid (3.86%), and linoleic acid (3.13%) were the major components of the Olive oil. The olive oil and extract produces dose dependent inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes. The IC50 values for olive oil, olive extract and acarbose were found as 210.50±4.76, 121.8±3.18, and 91.04±2.16 µg/mL, respectively against α-amylase enzyme. The IC50 values for Olive oil, extract and acarbose were found as 204.3±3.41, 165.04±5.27 and 116.5±2.17 µg/mL, respectively against α-glucosidase enzyme. Conclusion: The result of this study concluded that Olive oil having oleic acid and its ester derivatives as major constituents, the study findings also confirm the traditional claim of olive use in the treatment of diabetes mellitus.

To develop a novel, accurate, precise and linear reverse phase high performance liquid chromatographic (RP-HPLC) methods for quantitative determination of cefotaxime sodium (CFT) in bulk drug and CFT loaded nanoparticles. Different analytical performance parameters such as linearity, precision, accuracy, specificity, limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were determined according to International Conference on Harmonization ICH Q2B guidelines. The RP-HPLC method was developed by the isocratic technique on a reversed-phase Zorbax C18 (250 × 4.6 mm, 5µm) column with mobile phase consisting of phosphate buffer (pH7.4): acetonitrile (80:20v/v) at flow rate of 1.2 ml/min. Detection was carried out using a UV detector at 254nm. The retention time for CFT was 6.580+0.5min. The standard curve was linear over the concentration range of 10-50μg/ml with r2 close to one (0.999). The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ) obtained for CET were 0.100μg/ml and 0.314μg/ml respectively. The developed and validated method was successfully applied for the quantitative analysis of nanoparticle. The high recovery and low relative standard deviation confirm the suitability of the proposed method for determining the assay and in vitro dissolution of a marketed formulation.