Background: Defaulting from treatment is an important challenge for tuberculosis (TB) control. As per the Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme quarterly reports of Kamrup District (Assam), among the registered cases default rate was 13.3%(2008) & 13.1 % (2009). Objectives: To elicit reasons & factors responsible for interruption of treatment from a cohort of TB defaulters of urban & rural areas in Kamrup District. Methods: The cross-sectional study was conducted among 1/3rd of all defaulters who were put on Directly Observed Treatment Short-course chemotherapy in 2011 under 1 urban Tuberculosis Unit (TU) & 2 rural TUs of Kamrup District. From these 3 TUs, total 210 patients interrupted treatment in 2011; so 70 defaulters (35 from 1 urban TU & 35 from 2 rural TUs) were interviewed in their residences by using a pretested and predesigned schedule. Study was conducted in January - June, 2012. Results: Majority of the defaulters was illiterate (51.4%) in rural areas but in urban areas majority studied upto high school level (37.1%). Maximum defaulters were in the age group 25-44 years (55.7% in urban areas & 62.9% in rural areas). The number of defaulters decreased uniformly with increasing income in the rural areas & but not so in urban areas. More number of new cases defaulted in rural areas (82.8%) compared to urban areas (57.1%). Improvement in symptoms was found to be the most common reason (45.7% in urban areas & 40 % in rural areas), leading to treatment interruption. Conclusions: Early improvement in symptom was the most common reason leading to treatment interruption. Continuous health education should be provided to TB patients emphasizing the need to continue treatment despite early improvement in symptoms.

BACKGROUNDThe objective of the present study was to investigate the anti-diabetic and renoprotective activity of Solanum indicum in alloxaninduced diabetic rat. MATERIALS AND METHODSEthanolic extract of Solanum indicum was administered orally at a dose of 100 mg/kg. Blood glucose levels were measured by glucose oxidase method on weekly intervals for 4 weeks. Urine samples were collected before the induction of diabetes and at the end of 8 weeks of treatments and analysed for urine volume, urinary protein and creatinine levels.Statistical analysis -Data were statistically analysed using one-way ANOVA test followed by Dunnet's multiple comparison test. A p value < 0.05 was considered significant. Data were presented as mean ± standard error of mean. RESULTSSolanum indicum showed significant anti-diabetic effect (p < 0.05), but the efficacy was lower than standard drug Glibenclamide. Significant renoprotective activity was observed in Solanum indicum treated rats. CONCLUSIONIt can be concluded that the fruit extract of Solanum indicum possess significant anti-diabetic and renoprotective activity in animal model. KEYWORDS:Diabetes, Glucose Oxidase Method, Glibenclamide. HOW TO CITE THIS ARTICLE:Borgohain R, Pathak P, Mohan R. Anti-diabetic and reno-protective effect of the ethanolic extract of solanum indicum in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. J. Evolution Med. Dent. Sci. 2016;5(99):7294-7297, DOI: 10.14260/jemds/2016/1650 BACKGROUND Diabetes mellitus is a clinical syndrome characterised by an increase in plasma blood glucose (hyperglycaemia). Diabetes has many causes, but is most commonly due to type 1 or type 2 diabetes. Type 1 diabetes is caused by autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells resulting in absolute insulin deficiency, whereas type 2 diabetes is characterised by resistance to insulin and failure to produce sufficient insulin. Globally, it is estimated that 366 million people had diabetes in 2011 and this figure is expected to reach 522 million by 2030. (1) Since the discovery of insulin, several synthetic Oral Hypoglycaemic Drugs (OHD) are available in the market, but these synthetic drugs are not sufficient to treat diabetes, particularly type 2. In this respect, our traditional herbal medicine can act as an alternative to synthetic drugs. Generally, these phytochemicals have fewer side effects. Many of them are helpful in preventing complications like diabetic nephropathy, retinopathy or neuropathy. (2) Solanum indicum Financial or Other, Competing Interest: None. Submission 19-11-2016, Peer Review 05-12-2016, Acceptance 07-12-2016, Published 12-12-2016. Corresponding Author: Dr. Raktim Borgohain, Assistant Professor, Department of Pharmacology, FAAMCH, Barpeta, Assam. E-mail: borgohainraktim@yahoo.com DOI: 10.14260/jemds/2016/1650 belongs to the family Solanaceae. It is a bushy herb containing prickly spikes in the stem and available throughout India and all over the tropical and subtropical regions of the world. (3) Traditionally, the plant roots are used as diaphoretic, diu...

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