Absorbent hygiene products (AHP) have received much interest due to the notion that their end-of-life (EoL) stage has high environmental impacts. Since the use of AHP will continue to rise in the foreseeable future, information that helps with a reduction in the environmental impacts of AHP through their life cycle is needed. This research presents an estimation of AHP in municipal waste, and it also reviews and discusses waste management options, available treatments at bench, pilot or full scale, and life cycle assessments (LCAs) available in the literature. Municipal waste of countries belonging to the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development contains on average 2.7% of baby nappies, 4.8% of adult nappies and 0.5% of sanitary pads (in weight), whereas that of Latin-American countries have 7.3%, 3.3%, and 0.9%, respectively. Management options for AHP waste in developed countries are landfilling and incineration, while in developing countries AHP are disposed of in dumpsites and landfills. Most LCAs identify significant environmental impacts in the production of raw materials, while EoL scenarios involving incineration and landfill were found to have a significant contribution to global warming potential. Substitution with alternative products has been suggested as a way of decreasing environmental impacts; however, their use frequently causes a trade-off on different impact categories. Municipalities could use a wide range of policy tools, such as extended producer responsibility systems, bans, levies, ecolabelling, or a combination of these, to reduce the environmental and economic burden of AHP waste.
Palabras clave: reciclaje, degradación, bolsas RESUMEN Los plásticos son una de las corrientes de residuos que ha despertado mayor interés en los últimos años, debido a su continuo crecimiento y a sus efectos ambientales, que incluyen la saturación de sitios de disposición final y afectaciones en los ecosistemas, a los que llegan debido a un manejo inadecuado. En esta investigación se analizan y comparan la generación de residuos plásticos no industriales, las medidas legislativas abocadas a la minimización de sus impactos y las tendencias de valorización. La generación de residuos plásticos oscila entre el 9 y el 14 % de la masa de residuos sólidos urbanos, con una tendencia a aumentar en forma directa con el producto interno bruto de los países y en las grandes zonas metropolitanas. Con el fin de dar un manejo integral a estos residuos los países han adoptado medidas que incluyen legislaciones específicas, normas, sistemas de acopio y de información. Un caso relevante, por sus connotaciones ambientales, es el de las bolsas de plástico; las medidas adoptadas a este respecto incluyen su prohibición o la sustitución por bolsas biodegradables. En cuanto a la valorización, se detecta un incremento en el reciclaje, a través del acopio formal e informal. Las medidas establecidas, especialmente en América Latina, han tenido un impacto aún limitado, debido principalmente a la falta de articulación entre las mismas, la producción de plásticos y el sistema de gestión de residuos.
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