Drug-induced behavioral sensitization in rodents has enhanced our understanding of why drugs acquire increasing motivational and incentive value. Compared to adults, human adolescents have accelerated dependence courses with shorter times from first exposure to dependence. We compared adolescent and adult mice in their ability to develop behavioral sensitization to amphetamine following a single injection. Adult (90-day-old) and adolescent (45-day-old) male Swiss mice received an acute intraperitoneal injection of saline or amphetamine (1.0, 2.0 or 4.0 mg/kg). Seven days later, half of the mice from the saline group received a second injection of saline. The remaining animals were challenged with 2.0 mg/kg amphetamine. Following all of the injections, mice were placed in activity chambers and locomotion was quantified for 45 min. The magnitude of both the acute and sensitized locomotor stimulatory effect of amphetamine was higher in the adolescent mice. Previous experience with the test environment inhibited the acute amphetamine stimulation in both adolescent and adult mice, but facilitated the detection of elevated spontaneous locomotion in adolescent animals. These results support the notion that the adolescent period is associated with an increased risk for development of drug abuse. Additionally, they indicate a complex interaction between the environmental novelty, adolescence and amphetamine.
O propósito deste artigo é analisar os diferenciais dos pisos salariais nos polos antigos e novos do setor automotivo no período 2011–13. Os resultados revelam que os diferenciais entre os pisos salariais das fábricas da Região Metropolitana de São Paulo (RMSP) e os salários normativos daquelas localizadas no interior paulista são reduzidos. Mas tal diferencial assume valor significativo no cotejo dos pisos salariais das fábricas localizadas no antigo polo automotivo da RMSP e daquelas situadas fora do estado de São Paulo. Cabe ressaltar que os pisos salariais são mais elevados nas fábricas localizadas na RMSP do que naquelas situadas em outras unidades da federação, exceto os valores dos pisos salariais das plantas automotivas do Paraná. Noutras palavras, os resultados sugerem que custo salarial não seria relevante na interiorização do setor automotivo em São Paulo. No caso das empresas automotivas paranaenses, o estudo dos salários normativos indica que tais valores se alteram no tempo e podem atingir ou ultrapassar os pisos salariais das fábricas da RMSP. Assim, os hiatos entre os valores dos salários normativos nos polos automotivos antigos e novos podem se estreitar e alterar as desvantagens salariais de fábricas inauguradas no passado recente. Os menores salários normativos nos novos polos seriam vantagens competitivas temporárias. Tais mudanças nos pisos salariais dependem das estruturas produtivas e do mercado de trabalho regional, bem como das estratégias sindicais adotadas nas negociações coletivas.
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