In this work, 18 sequences of the SARS-CoV-2 virus were used, from four Brazilian states (Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Paraná and Tocantins) with 09, 04, 04, 8 and 01 haplotypes, respectively, with lengths ranging from 234 to 29,903 bp. All sequences were publicly available on the National Biotechnology Information Center (NCBI) platform and were previously aligned with the MEGA X software, where all gaps and ambiguous sites were extracted for the construction of the phylogenetic tree. Of the 301 sites analyzed, 68% varied, 131 of which were parsimonium-informative sites. Phylogenetic analyses revealed the presence of two distinct subgroups, corroborated by the high FST (80%). The high degree of polymorphism found among these samples helped to establish a clear pattern of non-genetic structuring, based on the time of divergence between the groups. All molecular variance estimators confirmed that there was no consensus in the conservation of the studied sequences, also indicating a high variation for the protein products of the virus. In a highly miscegenational and diverse population such as the Brazilian population, this observation draws our attention to the need for an urgent increase in public health actions, awareness strategies, hygiene and distancing practices and not the other way around.

In this work, we evaluated the levels of genetic diversity in 38 complete genomes of SARS-CoV-2 from five Central American countries (Belize, Guatemala, Cuba, Jamaica and Puerto Rico) with 04, 10, 2, 8 and 14 haplotypes, respectively, with an extension of up to 29,885 bp. All sequences were publicly available on the National Biotechnology Information Center (NCBI) platform. Using specific methodologies for paired FST, AMOVA, mismatch, demographic-spatial expansion, molecular diversity and for the time of evolutionary divergence, it was possible to notice that only 79 sites remained conserved and that the high number of polymorphisms found helped to establish a clear pattern of genetic non-structuring, based on the time of divergence between the groups. The analyses also showed that significant evolutionary divergences within and between the five countries corroborate the fact that possible rapid and silent mutations are responsible for the increase in genetic variability of the Virus, a fact that would hinder the work with molecular targets for vaccines and medications in general.

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are a worldwide public health problem. The literature includes more than 30 sat-causing agents that can be classified as fungi, viruses and bacteria that can cause symptoms such as itching or even cause infertility or death. The objective of this study was to evaluate the level of knowledge of adolescents about sexually transmitted infections. A quantitative research was conducted through a questionnaire to assess the level of knowledge of adolescents from public schools in the city of Vitória de Santo Antão-PE (Brazil). Most adolescents knew the meaning of the acronym STIs (80%), 74% said they knew of some sexually transmitted infection, 70% of the participants reported that the school did some kind of activity related to the prevention of STIs.

In this work, 37 haplotypes of spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 from Hong Kong, China, were used. All sequences were publicly available on the Platform of the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) and were analyzed for their Molecular Variance (AMOVA), haplotypic diversity, mismatch, demographic and spatial expansion, molecular diversity and time of evolutionary divergence. The results suggested that there was a low diversity among haplotypes, with very low numbers of transitions, transversions, indels-type mutations and with total absence of population expansion perceived in the neutrality tests. The estimators used in this study supported the uniformity among all the results found and confirm the evolutionary conservation of the gene, as well as its protein product, a fact that stimulates the use of therapies based on neutralizing antibodies, such as vaccines based on protein S.

A new infectious disease responsible for the emergence of respiratory syndrome and caused by the virus called coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) was detected in late 2019 in Wuhan. Coronaviruses are a group of viruses, belonging to the family Coronoviridae of the order Nidoviridales and are responsible for causing, mainly, respiratory and gastrointestinal tract infections. SARS-CoV-2, despite predominantly infecting birds, has been responsible for the third major coronavirus outbreak in the last 20 years. In March 2020 the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the outbreak of COVID-19 cases to be a pandemic, and in October of the same year more than 1.04 million deaths were recorded.