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Monitoring systems are important for debugging and analyzing Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN). In passive monitoring, a monitoring network needs to be deployed in addition to the network to be monitored, named the target network. The monitoring network captures and analyzes packets transmitted by the target network. An energy-efficient passive monitoring system is necessary when we need to monitor a WSN in a real scenario because the lifetime of the monitoring network is extended and, consequently, the target network benefits from the monitoring for a longer time. In this work, we have identified, analyzed and compared the main passive monitoring systems proposed for WSN. During our research, we did not identify any passive monitoring system for WSN that aims to reduce the energy consumption of the monitoring network. Therefore, we propose an Energy-efficient Passive MOnitoring SysTem for WSN named EPMOSt that provides monitoring information using a Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) agent. Thus, any management tool that supports the SNMP protocol can be integrated with this monitoring system. Experiments with real sensors were performed in several scenarios. The results obtained show the energy efficiency of the proposed monitoring system and the viability of using it to monitor WSN in real scenarios.

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The dinamicy and uncertainness of resources in mobile networks ask for novel uncoupled, adaptable and autonomous programming abstractions. Although applications are built upon a middleware layer that encapsulates some of that complexity, there is a lot left to fully explore the potential of ubiquitous and pervasive systems. To provide an insight on the challenges to develop interoperable middleware systems, this paper highlights the requirements to build serviceoriented ubiquitous and pervasive middleware. These requirements are divided into primary and cross-cutting requirements. Primary requirements are Message Exchange,