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Over the years, cultivation using sustainable tillage practices has gained significant importance, but the impact of tillage on soil water infiltration is still a concern for landowners due to the possible effects on crop yield. This study investigates the impact of different tillage managements on the infiltration rate of sandy clay loam soil under a semiarid environment. Field experiments were conducted in Chott Mariem Sousse, Tunisia. The tillage practices consisted of three treatments, including a tine cultivator (TC, 16 cm), moldboard plows (MP, 36 cm) and no-tillage (NT). Three infiltration models, Kostiakov, Philip and Horton, were applied to adjust the observed data and evaluate the infiltration characteristics of the studied soils. Comparison criteria, including the coefficient of determination (R2), along with the root mean square error (RMSE) and mean absolute error (MAE), were used to investigate the best-fit model. The results showed that moldboard plowing enhanced soil infiltration capacity relative to tine cultivation and no-tillage treatments. The mean saturated hydraulic conductivity was highest under MP, while it was lowest in NT, with 33.4% and 34.1% reduction compared to TC and MP, respectively. Based on the obtained results, Philip’s model showed better results with observed infiltration due to a higher R2 (0.981, 0.973 and 0.967), lower RMSE (3.36, 9.04 and 9.21) and lower MAE (1.46, 3.53 and 3.72) recorded, respectively, for NT, MP and TC. Horton’s model had a low regression coefficient between observed and predicted values. It was suggested that the Philip two-term model can adequately describe the infiltration process in the study area.

In recent years, the investment in the wind energy sector has increased in the context of producing green electricity and saving the environment. The installation of small wind turbines (SWTs) represents an actual strategy for meeting energy needs for off-grid systems and certain specialized applications. SWTs are more expensive per kilowatt installed as compared to large-scale wind turbines. Therefore, the main objective of this study is to produce an economical technology for the wind power market offering low-cost SWTs. The idea consists of considering a simple structure of the wind turbine using direct-drive permanent magnet synchronous generator (DDPMSG). DDPMSGs are the most useful machines in the wind energy field thanks to several advantages, such as elimination of noise and maintenance cost due to suppression of the gearbox and absence of the rotor circuit excitation barriers by the presence of the permanent magnets (PMs). Their major downside is the high cost of active materials, especially the PMs. Thus, the improvement of the generator design is treated as being the main component of the considered chain to assure active materials’ mass and cost reduction. The methodology studied aims to explain the approach of the design integrated by optimization of the considered system. It is based on the elaboration of analytical models to find a feasible structure for the system, taking into account the multi-disciplinary analysis. The relevance of these models is validated by the finite element method using 2D MATLAB-FEMM simulation. The models are integrated to elaborate the optimization problem based on a genetic algorithm to improve the cost of the proposed generator by minimizing the mass of its active constructive materials. As an outcome, an optimal solution is offered for the wind generators market, providing a 16% cost reduction.

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