ABSTRAKColletotrichum acutatum dikenal sebagai agens penyebab utama penyakit antraknosa cabai di Indonesia. Penelitian ini bertujuan menetukan variabilitas genetika C. acutatum di Jawa dan Sumatera berdasarkan karakter morfologi dan molekul, serta untuk mengevaluasi patogenisitas beberapa isolat. Pengamatan karakter morfologi meliputi warna dan pertumbuhan setiap koloni, serta bentuk dan ukuran konidium. Identifikasi molekuler melalui amplifikasi DNA menggunakan primer spesifik untuk C. acutatum, yaitu CaInt2/ITS4 dan analisis sikuen. Uji patogenesitas di laboratorium untuk setiap isolat dilakukan terhadap Capsicum annuum dan C. frutescens. Keragaman morfologi diamati pada 40 isolat C. acutatum. Sebagian besar isolat memiliki koloni putih/krem, bentuk konidium fusiform dengan panjang rata-rata 6.11-9.73 µm dan lebar 2.24-2.73 µm. Uji patogenisitas 3 isolat C. acutatum menunjukkan variasi dari sedang sampai tinggi berdasarkan ukuran lesio pada cabai. Berdasarkan perunutan DNA 8 isolat C. acutatum dari Jawa dan Sumatera memiliki homologi yang tinggi.Kata kunci: amplifikasi DNA, analisis sikuens, konidium, warna koloni ABSTRACT Colletotrichum acutatum is known as the major causal agents of anthracnose disease of chilli pepper in Indonesia. This research was aimed to study genetic variability of C. acutatum in Java and Sumatera based on morphological and molecular characteristics and to evaluate pathogenicity of several isolates. Observation on morphological characteristics involved colour and growth of each colony as well as shape and size of conidia. Molecular identification was performed by DNA amplification using specific primer for C. acutatum, i.e. CaInt2/ITS4 followed by sequencing and nucleotide sequence analysis. Pathogenicity test for each isolate on Capsicum annuum and C. frutescens was conducted in the laboratory using detached chilli. Morphology variability was observed from 40 isolates of C. acutatum. Most of the isolates have white/beige colonies with fusiform conidia of 6.11-9.73 µm in length and 2.24 -2.73 µm in width. Pathogenicity of 3 C. acutatum isolates varies from moderate to high based on lesions size on infected chilli. Sequence analysis of 8 C. acutatum isolates indicated high homology among isolates from Java and Sumatera.

Background In 2020, Lebanon has witnessed its worst economic crisis, exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic and a massive explosion of its capital. Amidst these stressors, this study aims at assessing the prevalence of depression, anxiety, suicidality, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and cognitive impairment in patients undergoing hemodialysis in an academic hospital destroyed by the explosion. Methods This cross-sectional study conducted 6 months after the blast included adults on hemodialysis, with no previous diagnoses of dementia or intellectual disability. It explores prevalence rates of psychiatric disorders, in addition to other medical and psychosocial variables such as frailty, malnutrition, sarcopenia, quality of life and religiosity. Results Forty two patients (mean age 66.1; SD: 11.2 years) undergoing hemodialysis for 6.12 years (SD:7.22 years) were included. Anxiety and depression rates reached 54.8% and 57.1% using cut-offs of 6 and 7 respectively on the Hospital Anxiety and Depression rating Scale. 9.5% of the patients reported being in the hospital at the time of the blast and 7.1% reported being injured. 33.3% screened positively for PTSD using a cut-off of 23 on the PCL-5. 26.2% had passive death wishes and 7.1% had suicide plans, however no one had attempted it. 23.8% were found cognitively impaired as shown by the Mini-Cog (<3). Around two-third of participants were moderately to severely malnourished per the GLIM criteria. One third suffered from frailty, according to the FRAIL screening tool. Around 60% suffered from sarcopenia, based on handgrip strength measures. These findings contrast with “acceptable to good” quality of life subjectively reported by participants on the Short Form 36 (SF-36) Health Survey. While one-third of participants participated in organizational religious activities, 88% reported significant subjective meaning of religion in their heart. Conclusions Rates of depression, anxiety, PTSD, suicidality, and cognitive impairment were found to be alarming in the setting of an urban dialysis unit following a major explosion. Psychiatric disorders were found to be compounded with increased prevalence of malnutrition, frailty, and sarcopenia. These findings urge healthcare providers to implement early diagnostic and intervention strategies to improve both mental and physical wellbeing of this vulnerable population, in similar settings.

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Papaya (Carica papaya L.) cultivation gets a lot of disturbances such as pests or diseases that can reduce the quality and quantity of papaya fruit. The use of vegetable insecticides is effective in controlling pests and has potential as a plant insecticide such as citronella, neem and cloves. This study aims to determine daily mortality and obtain the most effective botanical insecticides in controlling mealybug pests on papaya plants. The study consisted of two stages: (1) assessing the percentage of daily mortality, (2) the effectiveness of citronella oil, neem extract and clove oil vegetable insecticides on papaya seedlings. Daily mortality data were calculated using the daily mortality formula and data on the effectiveness of vegetable insecticides were analyzed using analysis of variance. The results showed that the highest percentage of mortality by giving citronella oil had a 24-hour daily mortality percentage and clove oil at a 48-hour daily mortality percentage. Botanical insecticides had an effect on all observation parameters, plant height, number of leaves and stem diameter, while the most effective treatment in controlling the mealybug P. marginatus treatment N1 was citronella oil with a concentration of 1 cc/500 mL.

Ms. L, age 40, develops severe headache, vomiting, altered mental status, and signs of catatonia. Is this a new-onset psychiatric disorder, or is it something else? DisclosuresThe authors report no financial relationships with any companies whose products are mentioned in this article, or with manufacturers of competing products.