This study is conducted to examine the relationship between population agieng and its effects on total health expenditure since there has been less attention given in analysing this issue particularly in developing countries. Thus, the study covers a period from 1995 to 2014 and was analysed in 3 countries in Southeast Asia; Malaysia, Indonesia, and Thailand. This study applies Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) method with Bound test approach to examine the existance of cointegration in the model. Apart from that Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) was also estimated to investigate the short run nexus. For validation and appropriate model specification purpose, different econometric diagnostic tests were applied. The motivation of this study is to shed some light on the growing concern of raising ageing population across the world and the burden carried with it, namely health expenditure. The result of this study supports previous studies where increasing numbers of ageing population has significantly affect health expenditure in Malaysia and Indonesia while in the case of Thailand its remains insignificant. The ageing does not affect health expenditure in Thailand probably due the fact that major healthcare provider in Thailand is private sector which implies that health expenditure are mostly determined by the affordability of population to pay for health services. Thus, in order to ensure that raising of ageing population would not increase the burden via health expenditure, the government should embark on the education campaign to encourage a healthy life style among adulthood since they were young.

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This paper examines the applications of Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model in the analysis of Egypt's import and export data concerning the consequential impacts on the country's Gross Domestic Product (GDP) between 1980 to 2010 years. Given that exports and imports significantly impact the economic status of Egypt through the balance of payment, it is therefore vital for policymakers to adequately comprehend and understand the factors affecting the revenue of the country's economy. The study provides a wide range of elasticity estimates made from the data collected in the field. Moreover, this paper seeks to examine the current estimated import and export demand function for Egypt by employing the ARDL approach using the Eviews program. The results from ARDL approach analysis agrees with the hypothesis that Egypt has a long run relationship with export, import demand, economic growth prices of exports and imports, and volatility of an actual effective exchange rate in the market. Therefore, the imports and exports in Egypt are affected by the country's GDP. Hence it is growth driven. Contribution/ Originality:This study provides more insights into the applications of (ARDL) model in the analysis of Egypt's import and export data. It is hoped that this article will help researchers to make informed decisions regarding the current estimated import and export demand function for Egypt by employing the ARDL approach.

Exports play an essential role in the world economy. Therefore, it is important to identify the determinants of exports and it is important for policymakers as increased productivity and international trade are important for each country. This paper examines the determinants of exports in Indonesia, Philippines, Malaysia and Thailand. This study is intended to estimate the impact of import, exchange rate, FDI, inflation and Crude oil on export. Three different econometric techniques such as Levin, Lin and Chu test; also, it has been used three different models for panel data estimation namely Pooled OLS, Random Effect and Fixed Effect. Apart from these techniques, different diagnostic tests have also been applied on the secondary data ranging from 1981-2016 which collected from World Bank. The results of the study show that import and exchange rate are positively and significantly related with export in Indonesia, Philippines, Malaysia and Thailand whereas FDI has a significantly negative effect. To sum up, the study concluded that in order to stimulate exports, governments or policymakers should provide peace and political stability between the four countries and the surrounding region in order to obtain more investors.

Increasing the education budget in Indonesia has become the focus of economic politics because it is a fundamental issue. Education, as a significant component of labor productivity, plays a vital role in driving the welfare of the workforce due to the increase in the Total Factor Productivity (TFP). This paper aims to test the quality of tertiary education by using World Bank and APO data. This paper provides an overview of tertiary education that influences TFP when juxtaposed with several other control variables and uses the ARDL (Autoregressive Distributed Lag) test. The results show that TFP growth is significantly positively affected by the improvement of tertiary education quality and production capital but is significantly affected by the welfare of the workforce. This study implies that the government must allocate an adequate budget to improve education quality in Indonesia.How to Cite:Aji, R. H. S., Baharin, R., Yussof, I., & Mohd Saukani, M. N. (2022). Do Education Investment and Welfare of Labor Affect Productivity Growth in Indonesia. Signifikan: Jurnal Ilmu Ekonomi, 11(2), 273-288. https://doi.org/10.15408/sjie.v11i2.26401.