This article reviews the various techniques of immobilizing a photocatalyst into and onto the polymer membrane for pollutant removal and as a problem solver in handling suspended photocatalyst issues from the previous literature.

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The presence of bisphenol A (BPA) in various water sources has potentially led to numerous adverse effects in human such as increased in blood pressure and derangement in liver function. Thus, a reliable treatment for the removing BPA is highly required. This present work aimed to study the efficiency of visible light driven photocatalytic dual-layer hollow fiber (DLHF) membrane for the removal of BPA from water and further investigated its detrimental effects by using an in-vivo model. The prepared membranes were characterized for their morphology, particles distribution, surface roughness, crystallinity and light absorption spectra. The removal of 81.6% and 86.7% in BPA concentration was achieved for N-doped TiO2 DLHF after 360 min of visible and UV light irradiation, respectively. No significant changes for all three groups were observed in liver function test meanwhile the rats-exposed to untreated BPA water shows significance blood pressure increment contrary to rats-exposed to treated BPA water. Similarly, the normal morphology in both jejunum and ileum were altered in rats-exposed to untreated BPA water group. Altogether, the presence of N-doped TiO2 in DLHF are shown to significantly enhance the photocatalytic degradation activity under visible irradiation, which effectively mitigates the effect of BPA in an in-vivo model.

this study aimed to examine the impact of BpA exposure on pregnancy and foetuses on cardiac tissues and the expression of cardiac microRnAs (miRnAs) related to heart development and diseases. Pregnancy is known to be the "critical windows" in determining the offspring physical and cells development in their life after birth. The increment of the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in a later stage of life has been reported by few studies demonstrated from prenatal exposure of BpA. BpA has been shown to alter miRNAs expression profiles for organ development, regeneration and metabolic functions. These alterations have been associated with the risk of CVDs. However, the associations between pregnancy outcomes and miRnAs expression in cardiac of mother-and foetuses-exposed to BPA are still not entirely explored. In BPA-exposed pregnant rat groups, a significant weight gained was observed in comparison to control (p < 0.05). Interestingly, significant changes in systolic and diastolic blood pressure between the first and third trimester of BPA-exposed pregnant rats were also observed (p < 0.05). In BPA-exposed pregnant rats, miR-499-5p was significantly altered in the heart (p < 0.01). Meanwhile, altered miR-17-5p,-208-3p, and-210-3p expressions were observed in all heart of the foetuses from BpA-exposed pregnant rats (p < 0.05). In H&E staining, BPA-exposed foetal hearts showed a sign of fibrosis while BPA-exposed pregnant rats showed muscle remnant. Masson trichrome staining further confirmed the presence of fibrosis observed in BPA-exposed foetal heart and reduced expression of cardiac troponin I (cTnI) was also observed in BPA-exposed foetal heart. In summary, altered cardiac miRnAs with histological changes were observed in both mother-and foetus-exposed BPA These findings put forward the importance of future work to further understand how prenatal BPA exposure affect foetuses in their later stage of life. Altered foetal development "programming" may predispose certain individuals to the risk of chronic disease development later in their life. This was suggested by Barker and co-worker who presented the first finding on the increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in children of malnourished mothers 1. Barker then further extended his theory and linked the CVD development and insulin resistance to the environment of the placenta. His findings have attracted another study to report on the insufficiency of uteroplacental of malnutrition mothers increases the risk of the offspring to type 2 diabetes 2. Another study demonstrated that miR-208, a

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