A small amount of fluoride in potable water can maximize teeth mineralization and minimizes their cavities. However, fluoride presence in excess quantities in drinking water could cause severe illnesses including Alzheimer’s syndrome and women infertility. Thus, scholars are concerned over the last decades in developing techniques to minimizes the concentration of fluoride from wastewater and lower its impact on human health. The current research aims to utilize the electrocoagulation technique to remove the fluoride from wastewater. Experiments were conducted to study fluoride removal using rectangular electrocoagulation cell and analyze the influence of four main parameters namely detention duration, electrodes spacing, pH and current density on the performance of the electrocoagulation techniques on fluoride removal. The results showed that 93% of the fluoride was removed from the wastewater after 20 minutes of treatment using 5mm electrodes spacing with a current density of 2 mA/cm2 at a pH level of 7. The main parameters have a significant influence on the removal efficiency of the fluoride. A higher fluoride removal efficiency can be achieved in the acidic setting. The removal efficiency is positively related to the electrical current and the detention time while it is negatively related to the electrode spacing.

Monomers of phathalic acid mono-(4-carboxy-phenyl) ester (AC1) and But-2-enedioic acid mono (2-carboxy-phenyl) ester (AC2) were synthesized from phathalic anhydride with p-hydroxy benzoic acid and maleic anhydride with salicylic acid, respectively. The new unsaturated polyester resins were made through condensation reaction between the dicarboxylic acid and polyols in the presence of p-Toluene sulphonic acid as catalyst. In addition, solubility of prepared unsaturated polyesters was measured and the solubility of its was good in a polar protic solvents such as DMSO, CH2Cl2, THF, DMF, acetone and some non-polar solvents such as Benzene and CH3Cl, while it was a little solubility in both H2SO4 and HCl. The chemical structures of these monomers and new unsaturated polyesters were confirmed by FTIR, 1HNMR. Thermal analysis of polyesters by thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) reveals that these Aromatic polyesters possess thermal stability, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Carbon Nano and Nano TiO2 reinforced polyester composites. The mechanical properties (tensile strength, elongation at break and hardness) were studied.

In the current review article, an effort has been made to emphasize the inner workings of alkyd resins, the earliest polymeric resincreated from vegetable oils, in light of technological advancements that have occasionally been made to increase their practical utility.The thorough synthesis and use of several kinds of water-born alkyds were explained in order to lessen the use of organic solvents. Tocreate one set of styrenated alkyds, the Styrene monomer was used to post-polymerize the alkyd at 5:5 ratio at 80 °C for 6 hours. 1Standard techniques were used to define and assess the styrenated alkyds' physical and chemical characteristics, drying time, andchemical resistance. Each resin displayed favorable characteristics. Even without a dryer, the styrenated alkyds provided a quickerdrying time2. The styrenated alkyds were resistant to alkali, in contrast to the unstyrenated alkyd, which is just resistant to conditionsthat are acidic, wet, or briny. The AAST's coatings The FTIR, HNMR, DSC, and TGA methods were used to confirm the structures ofthe changed resins that were obtained. The findings of the physico-mechanical tests demonstrated that the styrenated alkyds that wereproduced are suitable for a range of coating applications.

Two dicarboxylic acids [2,2'-(((4-hydroxyphenyl) methylene) bis (3-Bromo-4,1- phenylene)) bis (1,3 dioxoisoindoline 5 carboxylic acid)) and 2,2 '(((2,4dichlorophenyl) methylene) bis (4,1-phenylene)) bis (1,3-dioxoisoindoline-5-carboxylic acid)] were made by the reaction of pyromellitic anhydride (PMDA) with diamine in a solvent of g pyridine/glacial acetic acid at refluxing temperature. The organization of the diacid monomers is defined by FTIR and 1H-NMR spectroscopy. The sequence of new poly (ester-imide) s are arranged of two di acids and aromatic diols: [Bis (4hydroxyphenyl) 2 furelmethaneand 4,4'((1,4phenylene (methanylyidene)) bis (azanylylidene)) diphenol] by employing the polycondensation in the company of the dibutyltine dilaurate as a catalyst. The PEIs were defined by FTIR, 1HNMR, and TGA. Poly (ester-imide) s showed excellent solubility in polar aprotic solutions because of the existence of flexible groups in the polymer backbone. Furthermore, they displayed better thermal constancy, and the heat at that 10% loss of weight happened about700 to 800°C.