Why and how do Southern countries conceive norms in the field of international aid and cooperation in an attempt to craft a symbolic regime that challenges Northern-oriented development agendas? To answer this question, this article engages with the literature on the life cycle of norms and goes beyond the earlier concepts of cascade, localisation, subsidiarity, reluctance, rejection, and contestation. As it considers the international–domestic nexus as the main catalyst for norm conception, this paper contributes to the existing literature on norm circulation by providing a more nuanced and context-led analysis of Southern countries’ normative role. In building upon the dialectics between international and domestic politics, this paper refutes the simple norm-taker/norm-maker dyad wherein the former is regarded as the South’s only possible role. Written from a Southern perspective, this paper also explores a range of channels, mechanisms, and platforms that Southern actors mobilise to create and diffuse their development cooperation norms both regionally and globally.

At the start of the 21st century, there was a reconfiguration of the Brazilian domestic political dynamic, as its actors gradually became more interested in the formulation of foreign policy and tried to safeguard their interests. When analysing the country's foreign policy for the financial sector, it becomes quite clear that to consider foreign policy simply as one type of public policy is insufficient to assess its decision-making process. This paper seeks to contribute to the debate by arguing that the analysis of foreign policy should be carried out by taking into consideration specific issue-areas. This paper explores the movement to rearrange domestic decision power, seeking to gain leverage in international negotiations.Keywords: Foreign policy analysis; Brazilian foreign policy; Financial sector. AcknowledgementsThe authors would like to thank Carlos R. S. Milani and Lia Valls Pereira for the valuable comments and suggestions they made at the time, which have been incorporated in this version. Received: July 13, 2016Accepted: October 3, 2016 IntroductionT he end of the 20 th century and the beginning of the 21 st century were accompanied by great changes both in the domestic and international arenas; these have had an impact on the systemic constraints to which Brazil is subjected and, consequently, on its decision-making process regarding foreign policy. The changing dynamics of the international scenario, the financial crisis of 2008, the emergence of some Southern countries (China in particular), and the increase in commodity prices are among the processes that • This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of a Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided that the original author and source are credited.• Este é um artigo publicado em acesso aberto e distribuído sob os termos da Maria Regina Soares de LimaUniversidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Estudos Sociais e Políticos, Rio de Janeiro -RJ, Brazil (mrslima@iesp.uerj.br).ORCID ID: orcid.org/0000-0003-0857-2487Politicising financial foreign policy: an analysis of Brazilian foreign policy formulation for the financial sector (2003)(2004)(2005)(2006)(2007)(2008)(2009)(2010)(2011)(2012)(2013)(2014)(2015) Rev. Bras. Polít. Int., 60(1): e005, 2017 Duarte; Lima 2 have contributed to the mitigation of systemic constraints on Brazil. In the domestic arenas, the equalisation of the international debt, the macroeconomic stabilisation, the electoral victory of a left-wing party, and the gains in foreign policy autonomy should be highlighted. This combination of international and domestic factors has favoured the deconcentration of world power, benefiting countries of the South and fostering a more independent participation of Brazil on the international scene. These changes influence the process of foreign policy formulation during president Lula da Silva's government and first term of Dilma Rousseff, to the extent that they alter the politi...

RESUMO Por meio de um esforço de monitoramento empírico, este artigo tem como objetivo analisar de que modo mecanismos institucionais do Estado brasileiro e recentes movimentos na sociedade afetam a trajetória de construção de uma dimensão pública mais plural no processo de formulação da política de defesa no Brasil. A caracterização da política de defesa como uma política pública sui generis sugere a pertinência de investigar o jogo político entre atores assimétricos que permeiam as tomadas de decisão. Por meio de análises da literatura acadêmica, de relatórios oficiais, do ordenamento jurídico e de entrevistas, este artigo argumenta que houve avanços na construção de uma dimensão pública para a defesa, embora a falta de institucionalidade e a baixa qualidade do diálogo façam que essa trajetória seja frágil e não linear.

This work challenges the Brazilian official discourse on international development cooperation with the role that the government and other actors, such as business and civil society, play in this policy. The research aims to identify the real interests of Brazil in its strategy of cooperation and examine whether the insertion of Brazilian reality is less self-interest, as it is officially stated by Brazilian Foreign Ministry. Key words:Brazilian foreign policy; South-South cooperation; geopolitics of cooperation; international aid; non-DAC donors.La cooperación brasileña no es gratis: un análisis de los intereses contenidos en la estrategia de Cooperación Internacional al Desarrollo RESUMEN Este trabajo cuestiona el discurso oficial de Brasil en la cooperación internacional para el desarrollo, con el papel que el gobierno y otros actores, como las empresas y la sociedad civil, desempeñan en esta política. La investigación tiene como objetivo identificar los verdaderos intereses de Brasil en su estrategia de cooperación y de examinar si la inserción brasileña es menos interesada en sus propios objetivos, ya que se afirma oficialmente por Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores de Brasil.Palabras clave: política exterior de Brasil; cooperación Sur-Sur; geopolítica de la cooperación; ayuda internacional; nuevos donantes. 138A cooperação brasileira não é um almoço grátis: uma análise dos interesses na estratégia de cooperação internacional para o desenvolvimento RESUMO Este artigo questiona o discurso oficial brasileiro sobre a política de cooperação para o desenvolvimento, em relação com o papel desempenhado pelo governo e por outros atores, como empresas e a sociedade civil. A pesquisa busca identificar os reais intereses do Brasil na sua estratégia de cooperação e analisa se a inserção brasileira é, de fato, menos autointeressada, como defende o Ministério das Relações Exteriores.Palavras-chave: Política externa brasileira; Cooperação Sul-Sul; geopolítica da cooperação; ajuda internacional para o desenvolvimento; novos doadores.

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