To study the major anatomical variations of the ureter by simple dissection method. Materials and Methods: Present study conducted on the ureters collected from thirty formalin fixed human cadavers by simple dissection method. The ureters were followed from the renal pelvis up to the opening into the urinary bladder. Some of the very important variations were observed during the study. Results: Among 30 cadavers, 3(10%) cadavers presented with variations of the renal pelvis and ureter.3(5%) nos. of specimens showed presence of megaureter.1(1.67%) specimen presented with incomplete duplication of ureter (bifid ureter) at renal pelvis. Of these 2(3.3%) specimens were unilateral and 2(3.3%) specimens were observed with bilateral variations of ureter. Conclusion: Knowledge of anatomical variations of urinary system is of great importance as it can affect both the disease conditions as well as the interventional methods.
Metopic suture is formed due to failure of union of the two halves of the frontal bone. Usually the suture disappears by early childhood, but in some cases it persists as complete or incomplete metopic suture throughout life. A complete metopic suture extends from anterior aspect of bregma to the nasion which is known as metopism. The present study is carried out in 126 dry human cadaveric skulls collected from the Dept. INTRODUCTION:The metopic suture is a vertical suture running between the two halves of frontal bone from the anterior aspect of anterior fontanelle to nasion. It is formed due to failure of fusion between the two halves of frontal bones. At birth the two halves of frontal bone remain separated by the metopic suture and the suture closes before puberty. According to Keith, (1) the metopic suture disappears at the end of first year or beginning of second year of life.According to Romanes, (2) the metopic suture normally closes by fifth or sixth year. Warwick & Williams (3) states that the two halves of the frontal bone begin to unite in second year and the suture is generally obliterated by the eighth year. Hamilton (4) claims that the metopic suture disappears by seventh year of life. Fusion of this suture commences at the anterior fontanelle i.e., bregma and terminates at nasion. Sometimes when it fails to ossify and persists as a complete suture extending from bregma to nasion, it is called metopism.The incidences of metopism vary among population of different regions and different races as reported by various workers. In the present study a humble attempt has been made to know the incidence of metopic suture in Assamese population of Assam, India. This study was carried out on 126 dry human skulls collected from the Dept. of Anatomy, Dept. of Forensic science & Institute of Pharmacy at Assam Medical College and Hospital, Dibrugarh, Assam, India. The skulls were observed macroscopically for metopic suture and divided into three groups.The first group included skulls without any metopic suture, second group included the skulls with complete metopic suture i.e., metopism and the third group included the skulls with incomplete metopic suture. The skulls of the third group were further sub grouped according to the shape of the suture as -Linear, U shaped, Inverted U shaped, H shaped, V shaped and Y shaped. Data found on examination was recorded, tabulated, photographed and compared with the findings of other studies.
BACKGROUND Sacrum is a large triangular bone formed by the fusion of 5 sacral vertebrae. It lies obliquely at the posterior part of pelvic cavity between the two hip bones. It encloses a canal called the sacral canal. The lower opening of the sacral canal is called the sacral hiatus. It transmits the 5 th pair of sacral nerves, coccygeal nerves & filum terminale externa. AIMS & OBJECTIVES The aim of the present study is to find out the variations of sacral hiatus in this part of Northeast India. MATERIALS & METHODS The study was carried out in 104 dry human sacra to know the anatomical variations of sacral hiatus. The measurements were carried out with the help of a Vernier calliper, scale & a divider. RESULT & OBSERVATIONS Various shapes of sacral hiatus were observed as follows: Inverted U shaped (53.8%), inverted V shaped (29.8 %), irregular shaped (9.6 %), dumb-bell shaped (5.7 %), bifid (0.9%). The length of the sacral hiatus was found to be between 20-30 mm in 46.1% cases. The apex of the sacral hiatus was at the level of S4 vertebra in 46.1% specimens. The anteroposterior diameter of the sacral canal at the apex of the sacral hiatus ranged from 2-12 mm. CONCLUSIONS Variations of sacral hiatus is very common. The knowledge of such variations will definitely help the anaesthesiologists to take proper step while administering caudal epidural anaesthesia to increase the success rate of caudal epidural block.
BACKGROUND In human, the bulk of the posterior compartment of the leg is formed by the gastrocnemius and the soleus muscle. The superficially-placed gastrocnemius is a bipennate muscle, but according to available literature, it exhibits numerous anatomical variations. The aim of the present study is to find out the anatomical variations of the gastrocnemius muscle in this part of Assam. MATERIALS AND METHODS The present study undertaken in the Department of Anatomy, Jorhat Medical College, from August 2014 to August 2017 included 30 lower limbs from 15 embalmed cadavers of known sexes. These cadavers were provided to the first year MBBS students for routine dissection procedure. After carrying out the dissection as per Cunningham's Manual of Practical Anatomy, the gastrocnemius muscle was examined for its two heads of origin. Any accessory heads found were noted and recorded. RESULTS Out of the 30 lower limb specimens, 28 (93.33%) limbs presented with the normal two-headed gastrocnemius muscle, while 2 (6.66%) limbs (1 right and 1 left), presented with four-headed gastrocnemius muscle. Both these limbs belonged to male cadavers.
Acute bacterial meningitis is a severe CNS infection occurring mostly in infants and older children. Bacterial meningitis caused by gram-negative bacteria is usually fatal. Klebsiella pneumoniae is an uncommon gram-negative bacteria causing meningitis with a poor outcome. Though the commonest presentation of bacterial meningitis is fever, patients usually seek medical attention for uncontrolled seizure and features of raised ICP. The commonest complications of gram-negative bacterial meningitis including Klebsiella meningitis are subdural hygroma / empyema, hydrocephalus, infarcts (both arterial and venous) and cortical blindness due to hypoxic ischaemic insult. MRI is the best modality for evaluating these patients for early diagnosis. Early institution of treatment significantly reduces the mortality and morbidity. We describe a case of acute bacterial meningitis caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae with MR evidence of sinus thrombosis, venous infarcts and subdural hygroma.
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