The diagnosis of PD might be in difficulty, especially in the early stages. Therefore, the identification of novel biomarkers is imperative for the diagnosis and monitoring disease progression in PD. DJ-1 and α-synuclein, are two proteins that are critically involved in the pathogenesis of PD, and they have been examined as disease biomarkers in studies. However, no study exists regarding DJ-1 in plasma neural-derived exosomes. In the present study, the levels of DJ-1 and α-synuclein in plasma neural-derived exosomes were studied together in order to investigate novel biomarkers for PD. DJ-1 and α-synuclein in plasma and plasma neural-derived exosomes of the patients with PD and controls were quantified by ELISAs. The data revealed that the levels of DJ-1 and α-synuclein in plasma neural-derived exosomes and the ratio of plasma neural-derived exosomal DJ-1 to total DJ-1 were significantly higher in patients with PD, compared with controls, while levels of the two proteins in plasma exhibited no difference between the patients with PD and controls. However, no relationship was identified between biomarkers and disease progression. In addition, significant positive correlations between DJ-1 and α-synuclein in plasma neural-derived exosomes were found in the patients with PD and in healthy individuals. We hypothesize that DJ-1 in plasma neural-derived exosomes may be used as a potential biomarker as α-synuclein in PD and they might participate in the mechanism of PD together.
We establish the binary nonlinearization approach of the spectral problem of the super AKNS system, and then use it to obtain the super finite-dimensional integrable Hamiltonian system in supersymmetry manifold R 4N |2N . The super Hamiltonian forms and integrals of motion are given explicitly.
Riemann theta functions are used to construct one-periodic and two-periodic wave solutions to a class of (2 + 1)-dimensional Hirota bilinear equations. The basis for the involved solution analysis is the Hirota bilinear formulation, and the particular dependence of the equations on independent variables guarantees the existence of one-periodic and two-periodic wave solutions involving an arbitrary purely imaginary Riemann matrix. The resulting theory is applied to two nonlinear equations possessing Hirota bilinear forms: u t + u xxy − 3uu y − 3u x v = 0 andwhere v x = u y , thereby yielding their one-periodic and two-periodic wave solutions describing one dimensional propagation of waves.
A generalized two-component model with peakon solutions is proposed in this paper. It allows an arbitrary function to be involved in as well as including some existing integrable peakon equations as special reductions. The generalized two-component system is shown to possess Lax pair and infinitely many conservation laws. Bi-Hamiltonian structures and peakon interactions are discussed in detail for typical representative equations of the generalized system. In particular, a new type of N -peakon solution, which is not in the traveling wave type, is obtained from the generalized system.
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