Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a global health problem that causes major illnesses and disabilities worldwide. Epidemiologic studies have demonstrated that the prevalence of AR has increased progressively over the last few decades in more developed countries and currently affects up to 40% of the population worldwide. Likewise, a rising trend of AR has also been observed over the last 2–3 decades in developing countries including China, with the prevalence of AR varying widely in these countries. A survey of self-reported AR over a 6-year period in the general Chinese adult population reported that the standardized prevalence of adult AR increased from 11.1% in 2005 to 17.6% in 2011. An increasing number of original articles and imporclinical trials on the epidemiology, pathophysiologic mechanisms, diagnosis, management and comorbidities of AR in Chinese subjects have been published in international peer-reviewed journals over the past 2 decades, and substantially added to our understanding of this disease as a global problem. Although guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of AR in Chinese subjects have also been published, they have not been translated into English and therefore not generally accessible for reference to non-Chinese speaking international medical communities. Moreover, methods for the diagnosis and treatment of AR in China have not been standardized entirely and some patients are still treated according to regional preferences. Thus, the present guidelines have been developed by the Chinese Society of Allergy to be accessible to both national and international medical communities involved in the management of AR patients. These guidelines have been prepared in line with existing international guidelines to provide evidence-based recommendations for the diagnosis and management of AR in China.

Local IL-25 plays a crucial role in promoting Th2-biased inflammatory profiles in NP and may serve as a promising therapeutic target in CRSwNP patients.

Our study provides the first evidence that both IL-17F and IL-25 can be induced by dsRNA in HNECs. Despite of the opposing effects of IL-17A and IL-25 on TSLP regulation in HNECs, IL-25 was dominant to IL-17A, providing a plausible explanation for the simultaneous upregulation of IL-17 cytokines and TSLP in patients with AR.

Objectives/Hypothesis The European Position Paper on Rhinosinusitis and Nasal Polyps proposes an assessment of clinical control of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). However, there are limited data about the percentage of postoperative control, and no prediction models for uncontrolled CRS have been reported. The aim of the study was to develop prediction models for postoperative uncontrolled CRS. Study Design Retrospective case series. Methods Patients (n = 136) who had undergone endoscopic sinus surgery at least 1 year prior to the study were recruited to assess the clinical control. Risk factors were determined by logistic models and presented as odds ratio (OR) with a 95% confidence interval. Receiver operating characteristics curves were constructed to set the cutoff points and create predictive models. Results Approximately 47.8% of patients had controlled, 22.1% partially controlled, and 30.1% uncontrolled CRS. Univariate regression models revealed the risk factors for uncontrolled CRS: tissue eosinophilia, blood eosinophilia, high computed tomography (CT) score, bilateral disease, asthma, and allergic rhinitis. Multiple regression models found tissue eosinophil ratio >0.206 (OR: 12.96, P = .001) or blood eosinophil ratio >0.025 (OR: 4.56, P = .003), Lund‐Mackay (LM) score ≥ 15 (OR: 15.50, P < .001) and CT ethmoid (E) score ≥ maxillary (M) score (OR: 3.51, P = .037) were independent risk factors. We generated a pathological model (tissue eosinophil ratio and LM score) and a clinical model (blood eosinophil ratio, LM score and E ≥ M score) to categorize CRS into mild, moderate, and severe. Conclusions This research provides simplified and efficient prediction models for uncontrolled CRS. It may help otolaryngologists to predict the prognosis before surgery in daily practice. Level of Evidence 2b Laryngoscope, 128:2673–2680, 2018

Latent infection with Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) is associated with several types of malignancies including nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), which is particularly more prevalent in Southern China. EBV expresses at least 44 mature microRNAs (miRNAs) to modulate the activity of viral and cellular RNAs, but the targets of these EBV‐encoded miRNAs in NPC are not well understood. In this report, we characterized DICE1 tumor suppressor to be a cellular target of EBV miR‐BART3* miRNA. miR‐BART3* was abundantly expressed in NPC cells. The target site of miR‐BART3* located in the 3′‐untranslated region of DICE1 transcript was identified and characterized. Enforced expression of miR‐BART3* or its precursor pre‐miR‐BART3 led to down‐regulation of endogenous DICE1 expression. Inhibition of endogenous miR‐BART3* in NPC cells with anti‐miR‐BART3* oligonucleotide inhibitor resulted in increased expression of DICE1 protein. On the contrary, expression of miR‐BART3* overcame the growth suppressive activity of DICE1 and stimulated cell proliferation. Consistent with its tumor suppressive function, DICE1 was underexpressed in EBV‐expressing NPC tumor tissues. Taken together, our findings suggest that EBV encoded miR‐BART3* miRNA targets DICE1 tumor suppressor to promote cellular growth and transformation in NPC.