Rechargeable silicon anode lithium ion batteries (SLIBs) have attracted tremendous attention because of their merits, including a high theoretical capacity, low working potential, and abundant natural sources. The past decade has witnessed significant developments in terms of extending the lifespan and maintaining high capacities of SLIBs. However, the detrimental issue of low initial Coulombic efficiency (ICE) toward SLIBs is causing more and more attention in recent years because ICE value is a core index in full battery design that profoundly determines the utilization of active materials and the weight of an assembled battery. Herein, a comprehensive review is presented of recent advances in solutions for improving ICE of SLIBs. From design perspectives, the strategies for boosting ICE of silicon anodes are systematically categorized into several aspects covering structure regulation, prelithiation, interfacial design, binder design, and electrolyte additives. The merits and challenges of various approaches are highlighted and discussed in detail, which provides valuable insights into the rational design and development of state‐of‐the‐art techniques to deal with the deteriorative issue of low ICE of SLIBs. Furthermore, conclusions and future promising research prospects for lifting ICE of SLIBs are proposed at the end of the review.
High ionic strength environments
can profoundly influence catalytic
reactions involving charged species. However, control of selectivity
and yield of heterogeneous catalytic reactions involving nano- and
microscale colloids remains hypothetical because high ionic strength
leads to aggregation of particle dispersions. Here we show that microscale
hedgehog particles (HPs) with semiconductor nanoscale spikes display
enhanced stability in solutions of monovalent/divalent salts in both
aqueous and hydrophobic media. HPs enable tuning of photocatalytic
reactions toward high-value products by adding concentrated inert
salts to amplify local electrical fields in agreement with Derjaguin,
Landau, Verwey, and Overbeek theory. After optimization of HP geometry
for a model photocatalytic reaction, we show that high salt conditions
increase the yield of HP-facilitated photooxidation of 2-phenoxy-1-phenylethanol
to benzaldehyde and 2-phenoxyacetophenone by 6 and 35 times, respectively.
Depending on salinity, electrical fields at the HP–media interface
increase from 1.7 × 104 V/m to 8.5 × 107 V/m, with high fields favoring products generated via intermediate cation radicals rather than neutral species. Electron
transfer rates were modulated by varying the ionic strength, which
affords a convenient and hardly used reaction pathway for engineering
a multitude of redox reactions including those involved in the environmental
remediation of briny and salty water.
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