No abstract

A series of novel fused‐ring pyrazolo[4,3‐c]pyrazole derivatives featuring N‐dinitromethyl and N‐fluorodinitromethyl energetic groups (compounds 3–7) were synthesized using a nine‐step reaction. All these compounds were characterized using multinuclear nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, infra‐red (IR) spectroscopy, and elemental analysis. X‐ray diffraction analysis was performed, and the single‐crystal structures of compounds 3, 4, 6, and 7 were obtained. For these newly prepared energetic materials, the thermal stability was determined using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), while the sensitivities were evaluated using BAM drop hammer and friction test. The calculated heat of formation values and the measured densities were used to determine the detonation parameters, including detonation velocity and pressure, using the EXPLO5 program. Of all the prepared compounds, dipotassium 1,4‐bis(dinitromethyl)‐3,6‐dinitro‐1,4‐dihydropyrazolo[4,3‐c]pyrazole (3) was crystallized as a three‐dimensional energetic metal‐organic framework (MOF) and showed outstanding detonation performances, which even outperformed the traditional primary explosive lead azide. Compound 7 exhibited a high crystal density of 1.939 g cm−3, the high decomposition temperature of 213 °C and desirable impact and friction sensitivities (IS: 12 J; FS: 240 N). These combined properties and performances make these novel fused‐ring energetic compounds suitable candidates for high‐performance energetic materials.

Background:The location of facial port-wine stain (PWS) may be helpful for predicting some associated anomalies; high glaucoma incidence is found in patients with eyes close to PWS-affected areas (V1, ophthalmic branch area of the trigeminal nerve). This study aimed to investigate the characteristics of glaucoma in V1-affected PWS.Methods:A total of 569 patients with V1 area-affected PWS were reviewed in the study. The large series was based on the referral system between the Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and the Department of Ophthalmology. All patients were screened for glaucoma with assessments of intraocular pressure, cup-to-disc ratio, corneal diameter (only for infants), and axial length.Results:Of the 569 patients, 110 (19.3%) patients had glaucoma. Among the patients, 18.1% (76/420) had early-onset glaucoma (under 4-year-old group). In the 4 to 18-year-old age group, 29.3% (29/99) of the patients had glaucoma. Compared with right lateral and bilateral PWS, left-sided PWS had a lower risk of glaucoma in this study (odds ratio = 0.432 [95% confidence interval, 0.264–0.706], P = 0.01). The under 4-year-old group showed a slight predominance of males (61.8%) in glaucoma.Conclusions:High glaucoma incidence was observed in patients with eyes close to PWS. More attention should be paid to glaucoma screening for right lateral and bilateral PWS patients. The predominance of males in Sturge–Weber syndrome (SWS) early-onset glaucoma patients might be due to the limitation of the case number; however, it might also provide us a new clue of potential relationship between SWS and PCG.