The prime purpose of this study is to analyze the capital structure impact on the performance of Islamic and non-Islamic financial institutes of Pakistan during the time of 2006-2013. To examine this impact, the researchers investigate empirically what are the outcomes of capital ratio on profitability indicator (EFCROE) of Shariah compliant financial firms as well as interest-based financial firms separately. The estimation technique generalized method of moments has been used for the proposed model. Both models verify the negative association of capital ratio with the efficiency of financial institutions. The lower equity with higher leverage becomes the cause of mitigating the agency cost of the firm and good performance as well. Hence, both models confirm the presence of agency cost theory in the financial sector of Pakistan. However, this effect in the Islamic financial sector is insignificant because of the small magnitude of the Islamic financial sector. The results suggest that managers should increase their debt financial instruments and lessen their equity financing to enhance their performance and the State Bank of Pakistan should take valid and sound steps to promote Islamic financial services in Pakistan

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Amphibians are sensitive to agricultural chemicals such as pesticides and fertilizers. Data on responses of anuran species commonly found in agricultural areas of Pakistan to chemical pollution are lacking. We studied the effects of ammonium nitrate on survival of tadpoles of common skittering frog (Euphlyctis cyano p hlyctis). Tadpoles were collected from seasonal shallow water ponds formed during rainy season in the vicinities of Rawalpindi and Islamabad cities. Tadpoles were treated with ammonium nitrate at either 62.5, 125, 250, 500 or 1000 mg nitrate / l, and compared with a control group. Individual survival was significantly affected by increased ammonium nitrate treatments (P < 0.05), with survival rates after 18 days of exposure ranging from 83% at 62.5 mg NO3 -/ l to complete mortality at the highest ammonium nitrate concentration. The logistic regression model with individual survival as a binomial outcome variable and fertilizer concentration as independent variable explained 87% of the variance in survivorship (Nagelkerke R 2 ), and correctly classified 94.0% of the cases (χ 2 = 259, 5 d.f., P < 0.0005). Our lab-based findings suggest that ammonium nitrate at high concentrations may affect anuran species of Pakistan in croplands with extensive nitrogen-based fertilizer use.Key words: ammonium nitrate; Dicroglossidae; regression; survivorship; tadpoles. Impacto del nitrato amónico sobre la supervivencia de las larvas de Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis.Los anfibios son sensibles a los efectos de algunos agroquímicos como plaguicidas y fertilizantes. Investigamos los efectos del nitrato amónico sobre la supervivencia de las larvas de Eup hlyctis cyanophlyctis. Colectamos los renacuajos de charcas someras estacionales que se forman durante la estación lluviosa en las proximidades de las ciudades de Rawalpindi e Islamabad. Los renacuajos se trataron con nitrato amónico a un de las siguientes concentraciones: 62,5, 125, 250, 500 ó 1000 mg nitrato / l, comparando además con un grupo control. La supervivencia de los individuos se vio afectada de manera significativa por el incremento en las concentraciones de nitrato amónico (P < 0,05), con tasas de supervivencia que tras 18 días de exposición variaron entre el 83% a 62,5 mg NO3 -/ l hasta la mortalidad total en la concentración más elevada de nitrato amónico. El modelo de regresión logística con la mortalidad de los individuos como respuesta binomial y la concentración de fertilizante como variable independiente explicó el 87% de la varianza de la supervivencia (R 2 Nagelkerke), clasificando correctamente un 94% de los casos (χ 2 = 259, 5 g.l., P < 0.0005). Nuestras observaciones en el laboratorio sugieren que las elevadas concentraciones de nitrato amónico po-

Amputation is stated to be a foremost but preventable community health problem causing intense financial, social andemotional effects on the patient and family particularly in developing countries where the prosthetic services are limited. The purpose ofthis study was to identify the causes and levels of amputation in low resource community, Sindh Pakistan. Methods: This was aretrospective chart review study that was carried out at first civilian Institute of physical medicine & rehabilitation-Dow University of healthsciences from October 2007 to June 2012. After verbal informed consent all patients, who underwent major or minor amputation wereenrolled for the study. Data was collected using a pre-tested, coded questionnaire and analysed using SPSS version 16. Results: A total of1115 patients were enrolled into the study. Their ages were ranged between 2–95 years (mean 38.40±17.38). Among total population ofamputees 83.58% were males. The most common cause for major limb amputation was road Traffic accident 38.38%, followed byDiabetes 15.42%, infection 14.26% and trauma 12.37%. Lower limbs (trans-tibial) amputations were in 47.35% of cases and transfemoralin 27.98% of cases. While for the upper limb trans-radial amputation (7.4%) were found to be more common than trans-humeral(5.56%). Other amputations were for shoulder, hip and knee disarticulations. Conclusions: Road traffic accidents, complications ofdiabetic foot ulcers, infections and trauma were the most common causes for major limb amputations found in low resource community,Sindh Pakistan. The majority of these amputations are preventable by endowment of traffic rules, health education, early preventions andappropriate management of the common infections.

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