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Background and objective: Entrance skin dose is the value of the radiation absorbed dose by the skin where the X-ray beam enters the patients. Assessment of entrance skin doses, specifically for pediatric radiology, is very crucial as the children are dividing cells rapidly and are more sensitive to radiation than adults. Their cells can be easily damaged by excessive radiation dose. This study is considered as an attempt to evaluate the effects of diagnostic X-ray on pediatric patients throughout measuring the entrance skin doses and hematological parameters for pediatric patients. Ways of protecting themselves from X-ray hazards is also included. Methods: A case-control study was used to collecting the data for 70 pediatric patients from October 2015 to August 2016 at Radiology Departments of five governmental hospitals throughout Hawler city the capital of Kurdistan Region-Iraq. Pediatric patients aged between (1 day -6 years) they were divided into case and control group by which 40 of them had got diagnostic X-ray examination as (case group) and 30 of them had not had past history of taking X-rays as (control group). Entrance skin dose was measured indirectly via parameters such as a focus on skin distance, tube voltage (KV) and tube current (mAs) in an arithmetical equation. Results: High level of entrance skin doses were received by pediatric patients in this study. Also, it was found that diagnostic X-ray has effects on pediatrics white blood cells and platelets with the significant difference between case and control group and p-values (< 0.001 and 0.006) respectively. Conclusion: Entrance skin doses levels received by pediatric patients in this study was higher than other studies level and then pediatric patients will be at risk if they are exposed to unnecessary exposure to ionizing radiation. It is important to focus on improving pediatric radiography for reducing the hazards of X-ray radiation on pediatric patients.

Intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) was put as the development of three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy (3D-CRT). The purpose of the present study is to compare the dosimetric analysis of two techniques of radiotherapy (IMRT) and 3D-CRT, which include target volume and organ at risk for both plans. The present study enrolled that nine patients with different types of brain cancer which previously irradiated from November 2018 to May 2019 were selected in Zhianawa Cancer Center in Sulaymaniyah; all cases were planned again by both techniques 3D-CRT and IMRT. IMRT planning provides reducing the dose of both right and left optic nerve mean dose for right optic nerve 13.70 Gy and left 14.93 Gy compared with the 3D-CRT plan (right optic nerve 23.54 Gy and left 19.13 Gy). P = 0.2 for the right optic nerve and P = 0.56 for the left optic nerve were statistically significant. IMRT plan reduces dose to the optic chiasm compared to 3D-CRT plan, the mean dose of optic chiasm for IMRT was 33.37 Gy relative to 3D-CRT which was 34.28 Gy and P = 0.92. IMRT plan was better than 3D-CRT for many organs at risk, especially for optic chiasm and both optic nerve deliver less dose than 3D-CRT.

Background: Ionizing radiations are hazardous agents in the workplace, since all forms of ionizing radiation produce some type of injury that is incurable. Therefore, protection against ionizing radiation exposure can play an important role in the health of workers.Objectives: is to evaluate the application of radiation protection among radiation workers at X-ray department in Erbil hospitals.Patients and methods: Six hospitals (General and Private) were visited. Samples of 110 were randomly selected among 135 radiation workers, 47 (42.3%) female and 63 (57.3%) male Data was collected through structured questionnaires. The surveyed data was coded and analyzed by using MS Excel software, and SPSS 18 for analysis. Analysis was performed by means of frequency distributions and cross tabulations.Results: The results showed that there are majority of the workers 51 (46.4%) aged between 21 - 30 years, and Diploma holders 68 (61.8%). Only 49 (44.5%) undergone primary examination while 47 (42.7%) never done periodical examination. According to international commotion of radiation protection regulation of radiation protection, it is mandatory for radiation workers to wear personal detective devices during work. But a large numbers 89 (80.9%) have not supplied with such devices. The study also revealed that the majority of workers were engaged in work beyond 40 hours per week. Calibration of the X-rays machine and radiation survey of the work place have not been regularly done. Only 30 of the sample have no awareness and knowledge about the ionizing radiation, while 95 (86.4%) have no healthy advice.Conclusion: It can be suggested that the level of workers education must be increased and short courses be implemented such as dosimetery and radiation protection performance.

Background: Ionizing radiations are hazardous agents in the workplace, since all forms of ionizing radiation produce some type of injury that is incurable. Therefore, protection against ionizing radiation exposure can play an important role in the health of workers. Objectives: is to evaluate the application of radiation protection among radiation workers at X-ray department in Erbil hospitals. Patients and methods: Six hospitals (General and Private) were visited. Samples of 110 were randomly selected among 135 radiation workers, 47 (42.3%) female and 63 (57.3%) male Data was collected through structured questionnaires. The surveyed data was coded and analyzed by using MS Excel software, and SPSS 18 for analysis. Analysis was performed by means of frequency distributions and cross tabulations. Results: The results showed that there are majority of the workers 51 (46.4%) aged between 21-30 years, and Diploma holders 68 (61.8%). Only 49 (44.5%) undergone primary examination while 47 (42.7%) never done periodical examination. According to international commotion of radiation protection regulation of radiation protection, it is mandatory for radiation workers to wear personal detective devices during work. But a large numbers 89 (80.9%) have not supplied with such devices. The study also revealed that the majority of workers were engaged in work beyond 40 hours per week. Calibration of the X-rays machine and radiation survey of the work place have not been regularly done. Only 30 of the sample have no awareness and knowledge about the ionizing radiation, while 95 (86.4%) have no healthy advice. Conclusion: It can be suggested that the level of workers education must be increased and short courses be implemented such as dosimetery and radiation protection performance.