A direct nitration of vinylcyclopropanes is disclosed with Cu(NO3)2 and KI in a regio- and stereoselective manner to afford nitroalkenes efficiently, where the cyclopropane skeleton was retained. The given method could be extended to other vinylcycles as well as biomolecule derivatives with wide substrate scope, good functionality tolerance, and efficient synthesis modularity. Further transformations illustrated the obtained products as versatile building blocks in organic synthesis. The proposed ionic pathway could account for the untouched small ring and the effect of KI during the reaction.

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Humanity’s path to avoiding extinction is a daunting and inevitable challenge which proves difficult to solve, partially due to the lack of data and evidence surrounding the concept. We aim to address this confusion by addressing the most dangerous threats to humanity, in hopes of providing a direction to approach this problem. Using a probabilistic mode, we observed the effects of nuclear war, climate change, asteroid impacts, artificial intelligence and pandemics, which are the most harmful disasters in terms of their extent of destruction on the length of human survival. We consider the starting point of the predicted average number of survival years as the present calendar year. Nuclear war, when sampling from an artificial normal distribution, results in an average human survival time of 60 years into the future starting from the present, before a civilization-ending disaster. While climate change results in an average human survival time of 193 years, the simulation based on impact from asteroids results in an average of 1754 years. Since the risks from asteroid impacts could be considered in the far future, it can be concluded that nuclear war, climate change, and pandemics are presently the most prominent threats to humanity. Additionally, the danger from superiority of artificial intelligence over humans, although abstract in its sense, is a factor of careful study and could also have wide ranging implications, impeding man’s advancements towards becoming a more advanced civilization.

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