Macrofungus is defined as the fungus that grows an observable sporocarp. The sporocarps of many species are commonly called mushrooms and consumed by people all around the world as food and/or medicine. Most macrofungi belong to the divisions Basidiomycetes and Ascomycetes, which are estimated to contain more than 80,000 species in total. We report the draft genome assemblies of macrofungi (83 Basidiomycetes species and 7 Ascomycetes species) based on Illumina sequencing. The genome sizes of these species ranged from 27.4 Mb (Hygrophorus russula) to 202.2 MB (Chroogomphus rutilus). The numbers of protein-coding genes were predicted in the range of 9,511 (Hygrophorus russula) to 52,289 (Craterellus lutescens). This study provides the largest genomic dataset for macrofungi species. This resource will facilitate the artificial cultivation of edible mushrooms and the discovery of novel drug candidates.

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Two dimensional (2D) materials often exhibit novel properties due to various coupling effects with their supporting substrates. Here, using friction force microscopy (FFM), we report an unusual moiré superlattice-level stick-slip instability on monolayer graphene epitaxially grown on Ru(0 0 0 1) substrate. Instead of smooth friction modulation, a significant long-range stick-slip sawtooth modulation emerges with a period coinciding with the moiré superlattice structure, which is robust against high external loads and leads to an additional channel of energy dissipation. In contrast, the long-range stick-slip instability reduces to smooth friction modulation on graphene/ Ir(1 1 1) substrate. The moiré superlattice-level slip instability could be attributed to the large sliding energy barrier, which arises from the morphological corrugation of graphene on Ru(0 0 0 1) surface as indicated by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The locally steep humps acting as obstacles opposing the tip sliding, originates from the strong interfacial electronic interaction between graphene and Ru(0 0 0 1). This study opens an avenue for modulating friction by tuning PAPER RECEIVED

Contacting interfaces with physical isolation and weak interactions usually act as barriers for electrical conduction. The electrical contact conductance across interfaces has long been correlated with the true contact area or the "contact quantity". Much of the physical understanding of the interfacial electrical contact quality was primarily based on Landauer's theory or Richardson formulation. However, a quantitative model directly connecting contact conductance to interfacial atomistic structures still remains absent. Here, we measure the atomic-scale local electrical contact conductance instead of local electronic surface states in graphene/Ru(0001) superstructure, via atomically resolved conductive atomic force microscopy. By defining the "quality" of individual atom−atom contact as the carrier tunneling probability along the interatomic electron transport pathways, we establish a relationship between the atomic-scale contact quality and local interfacial atomistic structure. This real-space model unravels the atomic-level spatial modulation of contact conductance, and the twist angle-dependent interlayer conductance between misoriented graphene layers.

Mysteries about the origin of friction have remained for centuries. Especially, how friction is tuned by an electric field is still unclear. Present tuning mechanisms mainly focus on the atomic configurations and electrostatic force, yet the role of interfacial electronic properties is not fully understood. Here, we investigate a unique friction tuning effect induced by an electric current in a conductive atomic force microscopy experiment and uncover two main tuning mechanisms of friction by the fluctuation of electronic properties during sliding: (1) electric-field-induced electron density redistribution and (2) current-induced electron transfer. We put forward an electronic level friction model unraveling the relationship between the friction tuning and the electronic property fluctuation (EPF) under electric field/current, which is applicable to tribosystems ranging from conductors to semiconductors and insulators, including two-dimensional material interfaces. This model provides theoretical guidance for tribosystem design and friction control, proposing a new perspective in understanding the origin of friction.