Ginger is commonly used herb across the world either in a meal or in herbal products. The chemical constituents of ginger possess antioxidants, can modulate apoptosis, inhibit vascular endothelial growth factor and inhibit inflammatory reactions. The main aim of this study is to assess the antimicrobial activity of the ginger extracts. For this purpose, ginger rhizome (R), packaged ginger powder (P) and ginger leaves (L) were collected from Urlabari, Morang and Kathmandu, Nepal. The plant materials were first minced (except P) and then extracted using cold extraction technique. For assessing the antimicrobial activity of the extracts against the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) strains, cup well method was preferred. The percentage yield of extracts R, P, L and ginger rhizome’s juice (J) was 10.79 ± 0.03 %, 9.76 ± 0.16 %, 8.17 ± 0.07 % and 16.8 ± 1.98 % respectively. The extract R were found to susceptible against the pathogens Streptococcus pneumoniae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The extract P were found to susceptible against the pathogens E. coli, S. aureus and MRSA. The methanol extract of L was found to be susceptible to S. aureus, K. pneumoniae and MRSA. All the extracts (R, P, L) were reistant against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. All 6 bacterial isolates were resistant against the extract J. The extract shows antimicrobial property only when the extract is concentrated. The ginger leaves also have antimicrobial property. Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. March 2019, 5(1): 8-13

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Introduction: Organophosphates are potent cholinesterase inhibitors that when ingested in excessive amounts can be fatal. Organophosphorus poisoning has become an important clinical problem with increased mortality in the country from accidental or intentional ingestion of, or exposure to the pesticide. This study aimed to find out the prevalence of organophosphorus poisoning among patients admitted to the Intensive Care Unit of the Department of Internal Medicine in a tertiary care centre. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among patients admitted to the Intensive Care Unit of the Department of Internal Medicine of a tertiary care centre after receiving ethical approval from the Institutional Review Committee (Reference number: 2003202205). The study was conducted between 1 February 2021 and 1 February 2022 using hospital records. Convenience sampling was done among the patients who met the eligibility criteria. The diagnosis of organophosphorus poisoning was made based on the patient’s history, clinical examination and the measurement of serum acetylcholinesterase levels. Point estimate and 95% Confidence Interval were calculated. Results: Among 1108 patients admitted, organophosphorus poisoning was seen in 50 (4.15%) (3.29-5.73, 95% Confidence Interval). Conclusions: Our study found that the prevalence of organophosphorus poisoning was lower when compared to similar studies done in similar settings.

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A weakening or defect in posterolateral abdominal wall can lead to development of lumbar hernia. These defects are particularly common in Petit's inferior triangle or Grynfeltt-Lesshaft superior triangle. There are very few cases of primary lumbar hernias that have been described in literature till date. As it is a rare entity, it is often misdiagnosed, leading to delay in management. We present a case of a 66-year-old male with no previous surgery who presented with a mass in left lumbar region for last ten years. The mass gradually increased in size and caused vague dragging pain. On Computed tomography, the diagnosis of Grynfeltt hernia was made. The patient underwent a laparoscopic mesh repair and had an uneventful postoperative hospital stay. Although a rare entity, there should be a high degree of suspicion of a lumbar hernia when evaluating a case of a lumbar mass. Early diagnosis by computed tomography and management with open or minimally invasive techniques can prevent complications.