The bulk of food industry FDI to the BRICS seems to have gone to China and Brazil. FDI has contributed to industrial structural change and to changes in consumption patterns in the host countries. It has mainly focused on high value added subsectors and in concentrated markets. In spite of this, rivalry between foreign investors and the emergence of strong domestic firms has introduced some competition. Contribution to capital creation seems limited since Greenfield investment, as a mode of entry, has been far less popular than mergers and acquisitions; moreover, it has been centered almost exclusively in China and Russia. The chapter also studies the embeddedness of food and beverages MNEs in the BRICS. The longer business history of these firms and their substantial, continuous presence in Brazil suggest that those companies may have developed more interactions with domestic companies there than in the rest of the BRICS. However, business partnerships have been more important in China, India and Russia. Acquisitions have been more important in Brazil and South Africa. The companies are performing now R&D in the BRICS, notably in India and Brazil. Quality R&D seems to be mainly performed in India and China.

Institute of Statistics, this article analyses the evolution of the stocks of companies in 21 processing industries in the second half of the 90s. The aim of the article is testing the hypothesis of an urban/rural shift in industrial location in Spain and in three of its regions: Andalusia, Castille-La Mancha and Catalonia. These data are checked with inforl];¡ation provided by field research in rural municipalities of Castille-La Mancha. The study concludes that the «shift» is having place both at the national and the intra-regional levels. Given that its manifestations and rhythms are evident in different regions, one can deduce that general factors must be more important than local factors to explain this shift. While mature industries are still major activities in rural areas, the empirical evidence shows that the «shift» is more important in basic and high-tech industries than in traditional ones. We conclude that, paying attention to the problems of non-traditional industries in rural areas and especially to emergent high-tech activities that have shown-against all prognostics-a special aptitude to develop in rural areas, is an urgent task.

IntroducciónObjetivos. La finalidad de este trabajo es constatar la existencia de redes de establecimientos en la industria electrónica de la Comunidad de Madrid y determinar su naturaleza *. Partimos de la hipótesis de que la Comunidad de Madrid es una región compuesta de más de un sistema productivo local en lo que respecta al sector de la electrónica (Storper y Harrison, 1991): En la región coexistirían establecimientos electrónicos ligados por la cooperación y localizados en los distritos metropolitanos, y establecimientos con interacciones supra-regionales, incluso nacionales e internacionales, que se encontrarían en los municipios periféricos.Para desarrollar esta hipótesis, utilizaremos datos estadísticos, estudios publicados, materiales proporcionados por firmas y organizaciones profesionales así como resultados preliminares de una encuesta * Este trabajo fue realizado en el marco de los proyectos SEC97-1373 de la CICYT y 06/0092/1997 de la CAM. Las autoras agradecen a Ascensión Calatrava y a dos evaluadores anónimos por los comentarios realizados a una primera versión del artículo, así como a Manuel Duque por la ayuda proporcionada en la búsqueda y sistematización de la información.

In this chapter, a sample of firms active in the Spanish information and communication technology sector during 2003-2014 is analyzed to assess whether foreign subsidiaries are more prone than domestic firms to cooperate for innovation with local partners and ascertain which type of partners they prefer. Results of an econometric model show that foreign subsidiaries are more likely than unaffiliated domestic firms to cooperate for innovation with local partners but not more likely than domestic business groups, even when the size of the firm, the obstacles it faces to innovate, and other factors that may influence cooperation are all controlled. Statistical tests show that foreign subsidiaries prefer partnerships across the value chain. This preference is compared to that of domestic companies.

We attempt to contribute to a better understanding of cooperative innovation patterns of foreign subsidiaries (FS) in Spain as a representative intermediate country, going deeply into three main aspects: firstly, a sectoral taxonomy which combines international technological dynamism and revealed technological advantage as a way to understand such patterns. Secondly we focus our attention on innovative intensive subsidiaries, assuming they are the most important ones for hosting countries. Thirdly, we combine innovation and structural-competitive variables to explain local cooperation. We found more intense cooperation of FS with local agents in dynamic specialization sectors, as well as the fact that this is mostly carried out in a complementary mode with inner knowledge capabilities of the companies. Cooperative activities are influenced by economicstructural factors of the Spanish economy, particularly in highly innovative companies. Cooperative strategies of domestic firms might also have an influence on those of foreign subsidiaries. Index