The present study examined the dynamics of competitive anxiety and selfconfidence, as well as the relationships between these variables, during athletes' experiences of psychological momentum (PM). Male national level table tennis players (Study 1) and swimmers (Study 2) watched one of their recent competitions, which included a PM experience. At the same time they indicated their moment-to-moment levels of competitive anxiety and selfconfidence by using a computer mouse. Curve estimation showed that competitive anxiety and self-confidence decreased and increased over time, respectively. Moreover, the dynamical patterns were more nonlinear for swimmers than for table tennis players, indicating that the PM experience is dependent on the sport context. Consistent with the opposite dynamics of competitive anxiety and self-confidence, correlation analyses revealed a strong negative relationship between these variables, suggesting that PM constraints the relationship between competitive anxiety and self-confidence. Findings of this study offer new insights into the dynamics of PM and its ecological embedment.

In the past decade, various recommendations have been published to enhance the methodological rigor and publication standards in psychological science. However, adhering to these recommendations may have limited impact on the reproducibility of causal effects as long as psychological phenomena continue to be viewed as decomposable into separate and additive statistical structures of causal relationships. In this article, we show that (a) psychological phenomena are patterns emerging from nondecomposable and nonisolable complex processes that obey idiosyncratic nonlinear dynamics, (b) these processual features jeopardize the chances of standard reproducibility of statistical results, and (c) these features call on researchers to reconsider what can and should be reproduced, that is, the psychological processes per se, and the signatures of their complexity and dynamics. Accordingly, we argue for a greater consideration of process causality of psychological phenomena reflected by key properties of complex dynamical systems (CDSs). This implies developing and testing formal models of psychological dynamics, which can be implemented by computer simulation. The scope of the CDS paradigm and its convergences with other paradigms are discussed regarding the reproducibility issue. Ironically, the CDS approach could account for both reproducibility and nonreproducibility of the statistical effects usually sought in mainstream psychological science.

When transitioning from childhood to adolescence, an individual discovers what one wants to do or be (Bee, 1992). This process of identity formation, where individuals search for a sense of self and personal identity through an intense exploration of personal values, beliefs, and goals (Erikson, 1950(Erikson, , 1963, is a core developmental task that becomes crucial in adolescence (Crocetti, 2017). After exploring the possibilities, an individual can make identity choices and commit to a certain occupation or ideology (Marcia, 1966). Some individuals may decide to devote most of their time to one, for them very important, aspect of their life, and strive for excellence in this domain. This can be in music, sports, or any other domain to which the adolescent strongly commits him-or herself. However, not every highly committed adolescent becomes an excellent performer. The underlying physical and psychosocial components of performance, and their interplay, play an important role in determining whether or not an adolescent achieves excellence. Understanding how the roles of these components are embedded in the individual's developmental process may contribute to (a) a theoretical understanding of domain-specific performance development, and (b) clues for intervention to (re-)direct the individual's development.So far, researchers have primarily attempted to search for inter-individual differences in performance determinants to understand why an adolescent ultimately reaches excellence in a particular domain (see next section). However, research increasingly suggests that both performance and the underlying determinants change over time, and that these changes are individual-specific and dynamic. That is, they shape performance in many different ways (e.g.,

No abstract