Syariah was revealed generally as to achieve justice and rahmah (mercy or comnpassion) for the believers and mandkind. Hence, any legal system which is not in line with those objectives would be considered as against to the principles of syariah and Islamic law. Justice as one of the objective of syariah (maqasid shari’ah) is the main objective of Islamic judicial system. Therefore,  to obtain justice as the goal of Islamic judicial system, a judge should apply the rules and methodes of proof on their judgemnet based on Islamic legal rulings. According to the Islamic law of evidence, syahadah or testimony is the strongest evidence or method of proof after iqrar (confession). Syahadah  means any evidence adduced in court by uttering the expression ‘ashadu’ to establish a right or interest. However, it is known  as having strictest conditions to be fulfilled and difficult to be applied with regard to its literal meaning and conditions, numbers of witness and the process of examination of witness (tazkiyah al-shuhud). Nevertheless  it  will always being as the best evidence in order to administer justice even in current days and situations. The article discusses this principle of justice that is in spite of the testimony of  syahadah in Islamic judicial system so that the goal can be achieved even when applied in the context of the modern world. Kata kunci : justice, islamic judicial system, syahadah. Abstrak Syariah secara umumnya bertujuan untuk memberi keadilan dan rahmat kepada umat manusia. Oleh yang demikian, segala peraturan atau sistem perundangan yang menyimpang dari tujuan umum tersebut adalah bertentangan dengan syariat. Keadilan sebagai  salah satu objektif syariah (maqasid syari’ah) pula adalah objektif utama didalam sistem kehakiman Islam. Maka untuk merealisasikan keadilan sebagai puncak sistem kehakiman Islam, seseorang hakim hendaklah menjalankan  proses penghakiman melalui peraturan dan kaedah pembuktian berlandaskan hukum syarak. Menurut undang-undang keterangan Islam, syahadah  merupakan salah satu metode pembuktian yang kuat dan tiada perselisihan ulama mengenainya dari aspek penerimaannya sebagai salah satu alat pembuktian yang paling utama selepas iqrar. Ia  melibatkan keterangan seseorang saksi yang bersifat benar tentang hak atau kepentingan orang lain dengan menggunakan lafaz ashhadu. Oleh yang demikian, syahadah merupakan salah satu cara untuk menegakkan dan memelihara keadilan dalam sistem kehakiman Islam. Walau bagaimanapun, syahadah dilihat mempunyai ciri-ciri yang agak tegas untuk diaplikasikan melalui syarat-syarat, bilangan dan juga proses tazkiyah al-shuhud. Walaupun ia dianggap tegas  dan sukar untuk diaplikasikan terutama dalam situasi semasa, syahadah sebenarnya mengandungi ciri-ciri keadilan sebagai prinsip asas dalam sistem kehakiman Islam. Maka artikel ini cuba mengupas prinsip-prinsip keadilan yang ada di sebalik pensyariatan syahadah supaya matlamat sistem kehakiman Islam dapat dicapai walaupun diaplikasikan dalam konteks dunia moden. Kata kunci : keadilan, sistem kehakiman Islam, syahadah.

This paper deals with the review of the equipment used by security officers during demonstrations by explaining their concept and the two types of equipment namely lethal and non-lethal, and detailing their types which have been used currently. This paper also evaluates the legitimacy of their usages in accordance with the provisions of Islamic law and related Islamic Law views. This study has concluded that it is illegal to use these type of equipment except in specific cases and under certain conditions to avoid certain imminent danger.DOI: 10.15408/ajis.v16i1.2904

Islamic law stipulated the principles which regulate the relations between Individuals within their countries and externally with the other countries. These principles include the principles of human rights and international sovereignty. This study tackles the idea of establishing the balance between the Islamic system and international law by identifying their similarities and differences within the framework of the principles of both the human rights and the sovereignty. The study aimed to identify the rich Islamic rules in the field of international relations, clarify the concept of human rights and the theory of sovereignty in the Islamic system and international law, highlight the rules of the Islamic system in this area, and prove the complementarities and convergence, as well as difference and similarity with international law. The researcher adopted the descriptive analytical method to give a full description of the two principles of human rights and sovereignty in the Islamic system and international law. He concluded with the most important results that the Islamic system has the lead in the adoption of these principles and abidance by them, before the international law. The Islamic system is like international law in the context of human rights and the need to protect them and the implications of rights in general international law, both at the levels of political, economic, social or cultural rights. The only difference lies in the fact that the Islamic system emanates from the rules of Islamic sharia’s teachings and values whereas the international law considers the society the source of rights. As to sovereignty, the study confirmed that the theory of sovereignty is well known in the Islamic system, and that this principle represents one of the basic rules organizing relations between individuals and states equally, but the difference lies in the frame of reference of the Islamic system and the International law. In the Islamic system, the organizing rules refer to the Islamic Shariah whereas in the International law, there is relation between religion with those rules.

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