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A surface waveguide structure is studied using a theoretical model and simulated using Ansoft HFSS. A tensor impedance surface is surrounded by two lower impedance surfaces on a plane. Surface waves are guided losslessly within the inner region as long as it has higher impedance than the outer region. A theoretical model is proposed which predicts the dispersion relation of the waveguide using a ray optics method. Our tensor impedance surface theory can also predict the dispersion of scalar impedance surfaces. The theory and simulation show agreement for scalar and tensor impedance surfaces. Two applications of tensor impedance surface waveguides are presented.

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A tensor impedance surface waveguide is built using anisotropic unit cells. The waveguide can propagate a confined waveguide mode along its axis while waves incident to the guide at an orthogonal direction pass through as if the waveguides were not present. Both straight and curved implementations are demonstrated. Surface waves incident at an angle to the waveguide show reflection and refraction at the impedance interface. A theoretical model for tensor impedance surface waveguides is generalized to include dispersive unit cells and bending loss around curves. Dispersion results for modes propagating in the waveguide show agreement between the theory, simulation, and experimental measurements. A curved waveguide is also constructed which guides surface waves around a curve and is transparent to surface waves incident at an orthogonal angle.