Introduction: Cyclocross is a growing discipline of cycling that combines elements of both mountain biking and road racing. The purpose of the study was to describe the intensity of the sport of cyclocross using competition heart rate (HR) and blood lactate [La -] data. Methods: Eight experienced cyclocross racers participated in both a laboratory graded exercise test and a cyclocross race. During laboratory testing, peak oxygen consumption (V O 2peak ) was determined and HR at the following intensities was established: LOW (HR below 2 mmol . L -1 ), MODERATE (MOD, HR between 2 and 4 mmol . L -1 ), and HIGH (HR above 4 mmol

WOMEN RACE SHORTER DISTANCES THAN MEN IN CERTAIN ENDURANCE SPORTS, INCLUDING EVENTS IN RUNNING, NORDIC SKIING, AND CYCLING. OUTDATED RATIONALES FOR DIFFERENCES IN RACE STANDARDS BETWEEN MEN AND WOMEN ARE NOT BASED ON CURRENT KNOWLEDGE OF THE FEMALE ENDURANCE ATHLETE'S PHYSIOLOGY. THE PURPOSE OF THIS ARTICLE IS TO EXAMINE EVIDENCE THAT SUPPORTS THE ARGUMENT THAT ATHLETES OF BOTH SEXES SHOULD COMPETE WITHIN THE SAME RACE STANDARDS.

As measured by the online survey tool, self-reported episode number for the intervention group declined by 57% in the last 30 days of supplement use. The average episode duration decreased from 616 minutes to 170 minutes and the average combined severity decreased by 30%. In the cognitive, stress and sleep scales, there was a positive correlation between decreasing migraine symptoms and improvement in these three areas. The control group had no statistically significant changes. CONCLUSIONS: In this comparison study, a decrease in migraine episodes, duration and severity was positively linked to improved quality of life measures for migraineurs. Consumption of a proprietary high concentration ingredient complex using phytonutrients produced significant improvements in the spectrum of symptoms across a broad domain of the measured variables.

Discriminant analysis was run to identify discriminant functions (DF) from the MCs and examine how accurately the MCs could differentiate or classify participants with different exercise stages. Further, kappa was computed to assess classification accuracy as well for correcting chance agreement. RESULTS:The BPOC was the only identified significant DF among the six MCs with its DF coefficient = .83 and discriminant loading = .80, and the significance tests showed Λ = .42, ꭓ 2 (18) = 146.88, and p < .001. The eigenvalue of this DF = 1.16, and its % of variance = 91.7, accounting for 91.7% of the discriminating ability of the MCs. As for classification accuracy, 63.0%, 22.2%, 71.0%, 69.5%, and 61.7% of participants were correctly classified in S2, S3, S4, S5, and all exercise stages, respectively. Additionally, a kappa value of .45 confirmed a moderate accuracy in classification. CONCLUSIONS:The BPOC is the only significant DF of the MCs and occupies 91.7% of the total discriminating ability in differentiating the exercise levels. It makes sense that acting to exercise is the major dimension differentiating exercise levels. The six MCs, as a whole, demonstrate a moderate classification function, with 61.7% of overall classification accuracy.

No studies have directly measured ventilatory and metabolic responses while wearing a respiratory training mask (RTM) at rest and during exercise. Eleven aerobically fit adults (age: 21 ± 1 years) completed a randomized cross-over study while wearing an RTM or control mask during cycling at 50% Wmax. An RTM was retrofitted with a gas collection tube and set to the manufacturer's “altitude resistance” setting of 6,000 ft (1,800 m). Metabolic gas analysis, ratings of perceived exertion, and oxygen saturation (SpO2) were measured during rest and cycling exercise. The RTM did not affect metabolic, ventilation, and SpO2 at rest compared to the control mask (all, effect of condition: P > 0.05). During exercise, the RTM blunted respiratory rate and minute ventilation (effect of condition: P < 0.05) compared to control. Similar increases in VO2 and VCO2 were observed in both conditions (both, effect of condition: P > 0.05). However, the RTM led to decreased fractional expired O2 and increased fractional expired CO2 (effect of condition: P < 0.05) compared to the control mask. In addition, the RTM decreased SpO2 and increased RPE (both, effect of condition: P < 0.05) during exercise. Despite limited influence on ventilation and metabolism at rest, the RTM reduces ventilation and disrupts gas concentrations during exercise leading to modest hypoxemia.