This paper provides an overview of the implementation and obstacles of watershed management, and the alternative solutions based on a synoptic review of related studies and experiences across Indonesia. The review found that problems in the institutional aspect were hierarchical confusion, discrepancy, and asynchrony among regulations, and weak (participation, synchronization, and coordination) among watershed management stakeholders. The weaknesses in the planning stage are integration among sectors, a lack of community participation, and limited readiness to integrate watershed planning into regional planning. Stakeholders’ involvement is also a critical factor in successful implementation of degraded watershed rehabilitation, including in peatland and mangrove areas. Failure should be minimized by providing adequate information on degraded watershed characteristics, appropriate species choices, and effective mechanical construction for soil and water conservation. Community participation as the main factor in driving watershed management should be achieved by strengthening public awareness of the importance of a sustainable watershed and providing access for the community to be involved in each stage of watershed management. Another problem is data gaps which are essential to address from the planning to evaluation stages. The gaps can be bridged by using remotely sensed data and by applying hydrological-based simulation models. Simplified criteria for watershed assessment may also be required, depending on site-specific issues and the watershed scale.

The implication of molecular biology in crop improvement is now more than three decades old. Not surprisingly, technology has moved on, and there are a number of new techniques that may or may not come under the genetically modified (GM) banner and, therefore, GM regulations. In cisgenic technology, cisgenes from crossable plants are used and it is a single procedure of gene introduction whereby the problem of linkage drag of other genes is overcome. The gene used in cisgenic approach is similar compared with classical breeding and cisgenic plant should be treated equally as classically bred plant and differently from transgenic plants. Therefore, it offers a sturdy reference to treat cisgenic plants similarly as classically bred plants, by exemption of cisgenesis from the current GMO legislations. This review covers the implications of cisgenesis towards the sustainable development in the genetic improvement of crops and considers the prospects for the technology.

Dominated by mountainous topography, high rainfall, and erosion-sensitive soil types, and with the majority of its population living in rural areas as farmers, most of Indonesia’s watersheds are highly vulnerable to erosion. In 1984, the Government of Indonesia established 22 priority watersheds to be handled, which marked the start of formal soil and water conservation activities. Although it has not fully succeeded in improving watershed conditions from all aspects, something which is indicated by fluctuations in the area of degraded land, over the past 40 years the Indonesian government has systematically implemented various soil and water conservation techniques in various areas with the support of policies, laws and regulations, and research and development. These systematic efforts have shown positive results, with a 40% reduction in the area of degraded land over the last 15 years from 2004–2018. This paper reviews policy, implementation, and research and development of soil and water conservation activities in Indonesia over the last 40 years from the 1980s to 2020 and explores the dynamics of the activities.

Keywords:The study was aimed to evaluate the forest management of community forest (Hkm) Community forest, protection forest, production forest, HKm management ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui seberapa jauh pelaksanaan HKm dalam menjaga kelestarian hutan dan meningkatkan kesejahteraan masyarakat di sekitar hutan produksi dan hutan lindung. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada HKm di Pulau Lombok, yaitu HKm Unit Sambelia yang mewakili HKm pada hutan produksi serta HKm Sesaot dan HKm Darussadiqien yang mewakili HKm pada hutan lindung. Metode yang digunakan adalah survei lahan dan wawancara terhadap pemilik lahan HKm serta tokoh utama masyarakat. Analisis data yang digunakan adalah analisis deskriptif serta teknik skoring untuk menilai kondisi HKm baik secara teknis, ekonomis maupun kelembagaan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa (1) Pengelolaan HKm di hutan produksi berada pada kondisi sedang (nilai skor 47,36) dengan faktor pembatas aspek teknis berupa kondisi biofisik dan kondisi tanaman, faktor pembatas aspek ekonomis dan kelembagaan berupa potensi ekonomi HKm dan sistem pengelolaan kelembagaan; (2) Pengelolaan HKm di hutan lindung berada pada kondisi sedang (nilai skor HKm Sesaot 53,17 dan HKm Darussadiqien 45,77) dengan faktor pembatas aspek teknis penerapan teknik usaha tani dan konservasi, faktor pembatas aspek ekonomis dan kelembagaan berupa dampak ekonomi HKm dan sistem pengelolaan kelembagaan. Kata kunci :

Lombok Island is one of small islands which is vulnerable to climate change. Climate change can seriously disturb that ecosystem, and therefore the strategies of mitigation and adaptation are urgently needed. Data and information of climate change are important to prepare strategies of mitigation and adaptation on climate change. The aim of this research is to find out the data and information of rainfall, temperatur and type of climate change and also tracking their impact on Lombok island's ecosystem. The method used in this research is climate change analysis (i.e. value, change, spatial distribution and trend) and impact analysis of climate change (by comparing between the recent and historical data). This research shows that there is climate change in Lombok Island characterized by change in rainfall trend, temperature and climate type. The impacts of climate change on forest ecosystem are the damage of mangrove ecosystem, disappearance of endemic species, land cover degradation, and also reduction in quality and quantity of springs.