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destination accessibility had the strongest effect on motorized and nonmotorized travel, while density had the weakest association. Due to the nature of meta-analysis, the study is general in scope and is limited to the targets and data laid out in the studies it aggregates. It does not analyze its own standardized set of data within an exhaustive range of target cities. Lane (2008) examined a suite of variables which may affect a city's propensity for adding a light rail (LRT) system, including residential and employment density, as well as sprawl and total roadway length measures. Residential and employment density were both significant variables. The resulting model accurately predicted the introduction of LRT in 33 of 35 cities, but was limited in scope to systems in the United States. Mees (2009) discussed the relationship between urban densities and transit use, and after he calculated urban densities for residential and non-residential land, compared the relationship between urban density and method of travel to work in US, Canadian, Australian, and English cities. Kuby et al. (2004) analyzed the factors which influence light rail boardings in nine cities in the United States, developing a model for predicting demand for light rail systems. The study found several factors which positively affect light rail ridership, including employment and population density, as well as station location. However, in these studies, service levels for urban public transport have not been considered. Kim et al. (2007) investigated the factors impacting rider mode choice in access to light rail stations, finding a significant influence of land use type on passenger mode choice. As it concentrated on external urban structural factors which influence mode choice, this study also did not consider factors within the transit system itself, such as service level. Concerning Japanese studies in the same field, Miyata et al. (1993) evaluated the changes of populations in cities, towns and villages along railway lines caused by the closure of local railways, and examined the effect on local societies. Nakagawa et al. (1993) verified the effect of railway development on the populations in local cities, towns and villages from transition of population and the timings of railway development. In the above research, analyses were limited to the municipal level, and neither study included consideration for urban structure. Tsuji et al. (1999), targeting cities having tramways in Japan, verified the relationship between the compactness of cities and tramways, but did not look at service levels of those trams, and concentrated only on Japanese cities with tramway systems. Oba et al. (2008) clarified that populations around railway stations are decreasing and populations in the areas separated from the stations are increasing in local cities in Japan. Matsunaka et al. (2008) compared special characteristics of tram corridors in Japan and France with overall urban characteristics, and Nakamichi et al. (2007) clarified the relationship between ...

With rising awareness of global warming and its consequences, greater efforts are being made to make our cities more sustainable. Among many factors that can lead to more a sustainable future, policies encouraging walking and the use of public transportation can be considered as major priorities in planning. There is a significant body of research concerning the process of rating urban structure according to its ease of access for pedestrians and concerning the relationships between walking and public transportation. However, there are few studies focused on the direct relationship between walking and Light Rail Transit (LRT). This study sought to understand the effect of the so-called walkability of urban areas on LRT usage in the USA and Japan. To achieve this goal, an objective, an internationally applicable method for quantifying walkability, was devised using urban structure and street network data in the USA and Japan. Walkability indices derived using this method was used to measure the effect of walkability in station areas on LRT ridership in both countries. Results show that the urban structure around stations in Japanese cities can generally be considered more walkable than cities in the USA. Moreover, station area walkability has a measurable effect on LRT usage, but only in the USA.

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Changes in land-use patterns and personal lifestyles, as influenced by motorization, have caused serious problems: decreased usage of public transportation, the decline of city centers, and increased fuel consumption. In developed countries, low-density urban areas are expanding: urban sprawl is continuing because of further urbanization. Results of several studies show that, through better land use and transportation integration, the compact urban layout is effective for reducing gasoline consumption and achieving a sustainable society. The relationship in major world cities between population density and energy consumption has already been analyzed in some studies using crosssection analysis. Furthermore, many studies undertaken since the late 1990s have described sustainable development through usage of a more compact urban layout. Actually, many municipalities have accepted and promote compact urban layout as a policy. However, a basic trend in the relationship between urban layouts and automobile reliance over a prolonged period has not been investigated considering recent time-series data.This study is intended to identify the change in the relationship between automobile usage and urban layout factors, particularly population density, for the purpose of suggesting measures for land use and transport integration. Changes in automobile fuel consumption were calculated using data from Nationwide Person Trip Surveys (conducted in 1987, 1992, 1999, and 2005) for 38 Japanese cities (including local and metropolitan area cities). Subsequently, the relationship between automobile fuel consumption and factors such as city type and public transportation conditions was analyzed using multiple regression models. The results show an increase of low-density cities, in which residents are consuming much automobile fuel, implying that cities of dispersed (not compact) type are increasing. In addition, population density is not the only important factor that influences automobile usage.